The Second-hand E-commerce market report provides a detailed analysis of global market size, regional and country-level market size, segmentation market growth, market share, competitive Landscape, sales analysis, impact of domestic and global market players, value chain optimization, trade regulations, recent developments, opportunities analysis, strategic market growth analysis, product launches, area marketplace expanding, and technological innovations.
According to our latest study, due to COVID-19 pandemic, the global Second-hand E-commerce market size is estimated to be worth US$ million in 2021 and is forecast to a readjusted size of USD million by 2028 with a CAGR of % during review period. Second-hand Sale accounting for % of the Second-hand E-commerce global market in 2021, is projected to value USD million by 2028, growing at a % CAGR in next six years. While C2C segment is altered to a % CAGR between 2022 and 2028.
Global key companies of Second-hand E-commerce include Alibaba Group, Aihuishou, Zhuanzhuan, ThredUp, and JD, etc. In terms of revenue, the global top four players hold a share over % in 2021.
Market segmentation
Second-hand E-commerce market is split by Type and by Application. For the period 2017-2028, the growth among segments provide accurate calculations and forecasts for revenue by Type and by Application. This analysis can help you expand your business by targeting qualified niche markets.
Market segment by Type, covers
C2C
C2B
C2B2
Market segment by Application, can be divided into
Second-hand Sale
Second-hand Replacement
Used Recycling
Market segment by players, this report covers
Alibaba Group
Aihuishou
Zhuanzhuan
ThredUp
JD
58.com
Market segment by regions, regional analysis covers
North America (United States, Canada, and Mexico)
Europe (Germany, France, UK, Russia, Italy, and Rest of Europe)
Asia-Pacific (China, Japan, South Korea, India, Southeast Asia, Australia, and Rest of Asia-Pacific)
South America (Brazil, Argentina, Rest of South America)
Middle East & Africa (Turkey, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Rest of Middle East & Africa)
The content of the study subjects, includes a total of 12 chapters:
Chapter 1, to describe Second-hand E-commerce product scope, market overview, market opportunities, market driving force and market risks.
Chapter 2, to profile the top players of Second-hand E-commerce, with revenue, gross margin and global market share of Second-hand E-commerce from 2019 to 2022.
Chapter 3, the Second-hand E-commerce competitive situation, revenue and global market share of top players are analyzed emphatically by landscape contrast.
Chapter 4 and 5, to segment the market size by Type and application, with revenue and growth rate by Type, application, from 2017 to 2028.
Chapter 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10, to break the market size data at the country level, with revenue and market share for key countries in the world, from 2017 to 2022.and Second-hand E-commerce market forecast, by regions, type and application, with revenue, from 2023 to 2028.
Chapter 11 and 12, to describe Second-hand E-commerce research findings and conclusion, appendix and data source.
The base year for the study has been considered 2019, historic year 2014 and 2018, the forecast period considered is from 2020 to 2027. The regions analyzed for the market include North America, Europe, South America, Asia Pacific, and Middle East and Africa. These regions are further analyzed at the country-level. The study also includes attractiveness analysis of type, application and regions which are benchmarked based on their market size, growth rate and attractiveness in terms of present and future opportunity for understanding the future growth of the market.
Market is segmented on the basis:
The report offers in-depth analysis of driving factors, opportunities, restraints, and challenges for gaining the key insight of the market. The report emphasizes on all the key trends that play a vital role in the enlargement of the market from 2019 to 2026.
The report provides company profile of the key players operating in the market and a comparative analysis based on their business overviews industry offering, segment market share, regional presence, business strategies, innovations, mergers & acquisitions, recent developments, joint venture, collaborations, partnerships, SWOT analysis, and key financial information.
1 Market Overview
1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Second-hand E-commerce
1.2 Classification of Second-hand E-commerce by Type
1.2.1 Overview: Global Second-hand E-commerce Market Size by Type: 2017 Versus 2021 Versus 2028
1.2.2 Global Second-hand E-commerce Revenue Market Share by Type in 2021
1.2.3 C2C
1.2.4 C2B
1.2.5 C2B2
1.3 Global Second-hand E-commerce Market by Application
1.3.1 Overview: Global Second-hand E-commerce Market Size by Application: 2017 Versus 2021 Versus 2028
1.3.2 Second-hand Sale
1.3.3 Second-hand Replacement
1.3.4 Used Recycling
1.4 Global Second-hand E-commerce Market Size & Forecast
1.5 Global Second-hand E-commerce Market Size and Forecast by Region
1.5.1 Global Second-hand E-commerce Market Size by Region: 2017 VS 2021 VS 2028
1.5.2 Global Second-hand E-commerce Market Size by Region, (2017-2022)
1.5.3 North America Second-hand E-commerce Market Size and Prospect (2017-2028)
1.5.4 Europe Second-hand E-commerce Market Size and Prospect (2017-2028)
1.5.5 Asia-Pacific Second-hand E-commerce Market Size and Prospect (2017-2028)
1.5.6 South America Second-hand E-commerce Market Size and Prospect (2017-2028)
1.5.7 Middle East and Africa Second-hand E-commerce Market Size and Prospect (2017-2028)
1.6 Market Drivers, Restraints and Trends
1.6.1 Second-hand E-commerce Market Drivers
1.6.2 Second-hand E-commerce Market Restraints
1.6.3 Second-hand E-commerce Trends Analysis
2 Company Profiles
2.1 Alibaba Group
2.1.1 Alibaba Group Details
2.1.2 Alibaba Group Major Business
2.1.3 Alibaba Group Second-hand E-commerce Product and Solutions
2.1.4 Alibaba Group Second-hand E-commerce Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
2.1.5 Alibaba Group Recent Developments and Future Plans
2.2 Aihuishou
2.2.1 Aihuishou Details
2.2.2 Aihuishou Major Business
2.2.3 Aihuishou Second-hand E-commerce Product and Solutions
2.2.4 Aihuishou Second-hand E-commerce Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
2.2.5 Aihuishou Recent Developments and Future Plans
2.3 Zhuanzhuan
2.3.1 Zhuanzhuan Details
2.3.2 Zhuanzhuan Major Business
2.3.3 Zhuanzhuan Second-hand E-commerce Product and Solutions
2.3.4 Zhuanzhuan Second-hand E-commerce Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
2.3.5 Zhuanzhuan Recent Developments and Future Plans
2.4 ThredUp
2.4.1 ThredUp Details
2.4.2 ThredUp Major Business
2.4.3 ThredUp Second-hand E-commerce Product and Solutions
2.4.4 ThredUp Second-hand E-commerce Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
2.4.5 ThredUp Recent Developments and Future Plans
2.5 JD
2.5.1 JD Details
2.5.2 JD Major Business
2.5.3 JD Second-hand E-commerce Product and Solutions
2.5.4 JD Second-hand E-commerce Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
2.5.5 JD Recent Developments and Future Plans
2.6 58.com
2.6.1 58.com Details
2.6.2 58.com Major Business
2.6.3 58.com Second-hand E-commerce Product and Solutions
2.6.4 58.com Second-hand E-commerce Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
2.6.5 58.com Recent Developments and Future Plans
3 Market Competition, by Players
3.1 Global Second-hand E-commerce Revenue and Share by Players (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
3.2 Market Concentration Rate
3.2.1 Top 3 Second-hand E-commerce Players Market Share in 2021
3.2.2 Top 10 Second-hand E-commerce Players Market Share in 2021
3.2.3 Market Competition Trend
3.3 Second-hand E-commerce Players Head Office, Products and Services Provided
3.4 Second-hand E-commerce Mergers & Acquisitions
3.5 Second-hand E-commerce New Entrants and Expansion Plans
4 Market Size Segment by Type
4.1 Global Second-hand E-commerce Revenue and Market Share by Type (2017-2022)
4.2 Global Second-hand E-commerce Market Forecast by Type (2023-2028)
5 Market Size Segment by Application
5.1 Global Second-hand E-commerce Revenue Market Share by Application (2017-2022)
5.2 Global Second-hand E-commerce Market Forecast by Application (2023-2028)
6 North America by Country, by Type, and by Application
6.1 North America Second-hand E-commerce Revenue by Type (2017-2028)
6.2 North America Second-hand E-commerce Revenue by Application (2017-2028)
6.3 North America Second-hand E-commerce Market Size by Country
6.3.1 North America Second-hand E-commerce Revenue by Country (2017-2028)
6.3.2 United States Second-hand E-commerce Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
6.3.3 Canada Second-hand E-commerce Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
6.3.4 Mexico Second-hand E-commerce Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
7 Europe by Country, by Type, and by Application
7.1 Europe Second-hand E-commerce Revenue by Type (2017-2028)
7.2 Europe Second-hand E-commerce Revenue by Application (2017-2028)
7.3 Europe Second-hand E-commerce Market Size by Country
7.3.1 Europe Second-hand E-commerce Revenue by Country (2017-2028)
7.3.2 Germany Second-hand E-commerce Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
7.3.3 France Second-hand E-commerce Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
7.3.4 United Kingdom Second-hand E-commerce Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
7.3.5 Russia Second-hand E-commerce Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
7.3.6 Italy Second-hand E-commerce Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
8 Asia-Pacific by Region, by Type, and by Application
8.1 Asia-Pacific Second-hand E-commerce Revenue by Type (2017-2028)
8.2 Asia-Pacific Second-hand E-commerce Revenue by Application (2017-2028)
8.3 Asia-Pacific Second-hand E-commerce Market Size by Region
8.3.1 Asia-Pacific Second-hand E-commerce Revenue by Region (2017-2028)
8.3.2 China Second-hand E-commerce Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
8.3.3 Japan Second-hand E-commerce Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
8.3.4 South Korea Second-hand E-commerce Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
8.3.5 India Second-hand E-commerce Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
8.3.6 Southeast Asia Second-hand E-commerce Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
8.3.7 Australia Second-hand E-commerce Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
9 South America by Country, by Type, and by Application
9.1 South America Second-hand E-commerce Revenue by Type (2017-2028)
9.2 South America Second-hand E-commerce Revenue by Application (2017-2028)
9.3 South America Second-hand E-commerce Market Size by Country
9.3.1 South America Second-hand E-commerce Revenue by Country (2017-2028)
9.3.2 Brazil Second-hand E-commerce Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
9.3.3 Argentina Second-hand E-commerce Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
10 Middle East & Africa by Country, by Type, and by Application
10.1 Middle East & Africa Second-hand E-commerce Revenue by Type (2017-2028)
10.2 Middle East & Africa Second-hand E-commerce Revenue by Application (2017-2028)
10.3 Middle East & Africa Second-hand E-commerce Market Size by Country
10.3.1 Middle East & Africa Second-hand E-commerce Revenue by Country (2017-2028)
10.3.2 Turkey Second-hand E-commerce Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
10.3.3 Saudi Arabia Second-hand E-commerce Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
10.3.4 UAE Second-hand E-commerce Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
11 Research Findings and Conclusion
12 Appendix
12.1 Methodology
12.2 Research Process and Data Source
12.3 Disclaimer
List of Tables
Table 1. Global Second-hand E-commerce Revenue by Type, (USD Million), 2017 VS 2021 VS 2028
Table 2. Global Second-hand E-commerce Revenue by Application, (USD Million), 2017 VS 2021 VS 2028
Table 3. Global Market Second-hand E-commerce Revenue (Million USD) Comparison by Region (2017 VS 2021 VS 2028)
Table 4. Global Second-hand E-commerce Revenue (USD Million) by Region (2017-2022)
Table 5. Global Second-hand E-commerce Revenue Market Share by Region (2023-2028)
Table 6. Alibaba Group Corporate Information, Head Office, and Major Competitors
Table 7. Alibaba Group Major Business
Table 8. Alibaba Group Second-hand E-commerce Product and Solutions
Table 9. Alibaba Group Second-hand E-commerce Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
Table 10. Aihuishou Corporate Information, Head Office, and Major Competitors
Table 11. Aihuishou Major Business
Table 12. Aihuishou Second-hand E-commerce Product and Solutions
Table 13. Aihuishou Second-hand E-commerce Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
Table 14. Zhuanzhuan Corporate Information, Head Office, and Major Competitors
Table 15. Zhuanzhuan Major Business
Table 16. Zhuanzhuan Second-hand E-commerce Product and Solutions
Table 17. Zhuanzhuan Second-hand E-commerce Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
Table 18. ThredUp Corporate Information, Head Office, and Major Competitors
Table 19. ThredUp Major Business
Table 20. ThredUp Second-hand E-commerce Product and Solutions
Table 21. ThredUp Second-hand E-commerce Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
Table 22. JD Corporate Information, Head Office, and Major Competitors
Table 23. JD Major Business
Table 24. JD Second-hand E-commerce Product and Solutions
Table 25. JD Second-hand E-commerce Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
Table 26. 58.com Corporate Information, Head Office, and Major Competitors
Table 27. 58.com Major Business
Table 28. 58.com Second-hand E-commerce Product and Solutions
Table 29. 58.com Second-hand E-commerce Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
Table 30. Global Second-hand E-commerce Revenue (USD Million) by Players (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
Table 31. Global Second-hand E-commerce Revenue Share by Players (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
Table 32. Breakdown of Second-hand E-commerce by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3)
Table 33. Second-hand E-commerce Players Head Office, Products and Services Provided
Table 34. Second-hand E-commerce Mergers & Acquisitions in the Past Five Years
Table 35. Second-hand E-commerce New Entrants and Expansion Plans
Table 36. Global Second-hand E-commerce Revenue (USD Million) by Type (2017-2022)
Table 37. Global Second-hand E-commerce Revenue Share by Type (2017-2022)
Table 38. Global Second-hand E-commerce Revenue Forecast by Type (2023-2028)
Table 39. Global Second-hand E-commerce Revenue by Application (2017-2022)
Table 40. Global Second-hand E-commerce Revenue Forecast by Application (2023-2028)
Table 41. North America Second-hand E-commerce Revenue by Type (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 42. North America Second-hand E-commerce Revenue by Type (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 43. North America Second-hand E-commerce Revenue by Application (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 44. North America Second-hand E-commerce Revenue by Application (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 45. North America Second-hand E-commerce Revenue by Country (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 46. North America Second-hand E-commerce Revenue by Country (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 47. Europe Second-hand E-commerce Revenue by Type (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 48. Europe Second-hand E-commerce Revenue by Type (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 49. Europe Second-hand E-commerce Revenue by Application (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 50. Europe Second-hand E-commerce Revenue by Application (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 51. Europe Second-hand E-commerce Revenue by Country (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 52. Europe Second-hand E-commerce Revenue by Country (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 53. Asia-Pacific Second-hand E-commerce Revenue by Type (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 54. Asia-Pacific Second-hand E-commerce Revenue by Type (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 55. Asia-Pacific Second-hand E-commerce Revenue by Application (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 56. Asia-Pacific Second-hand E-commerce Revenue by Application (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 57. Asia-Pacific Second-hand E-commerce Revenue by Region (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 58. Asia-Pacific Second-hand E-commerce Revenue by Region (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 59. South America Second-hand E-commerce Revenue by Type (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 60. South America Second-hand E-commerce Revenue by Type (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 61. South America Second-hand E-commerce Revenue by Application (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 62. South America Second-hand E-commerce Revenue by Application (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 63. South America Second-hand E-commerce Revenue by Country (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 64. South America Second-hand E-commerce Revenue by Country (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 65. Middle East & Africa Second-hand E-commerce Revenue by Type (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 66. Middle East & Africa Second-hand E-commerce Revenue by Type (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 67. Middle East & Africa Second-hand E-commerce Revenue by Application (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 68. Middle East & Africa Second-hand E-commerce Revenue by Application (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 69. Middle East & Africa Second-hand E-commerce Revenue by Country (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 70. Middle East & Africa Second-hand E-commerce Revenue by Country (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
List of Figures
Figure 1. Second-hand E-commerce Picture
Figure 2. Global Second-hand E-commerce Revenue Market Share by Type in 2021
Figure 3. C2C
Figure 4. C2B
Figure 5. C2B2
Figure 6. Second-hand E-commerce Revenue Market Share by Application in 2021
Figure 7. Second-hand Sale Picture
Figure 8. Second-hand Replacement Picture
Figure 9. Used Recycling Picture
Figure 10. Global Second-hand E-commerce Market Size, (USD Million): 2017 VS 2021 VS 2028
Figure 11. Global Second-hand E-commerce Revenue and Forecast (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 12. Global Second-hand E-commerce Revenue Market Share by Region (2017-2028)
Figure 13. Global Second-hand E-commerce Revenue Market Share by Region in 2021
Figure 14. North America Second-hand E-commerce Revenue (USD Million) and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
Figure 15. Europe Second-hand E-commerce Revenue (USD Million) and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
Figure 16. Asia-Pacific Second-hand E-commerce Revenue (USD Million) and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
Figure 17. South America Second-hand E-commerce Revenue (USD Million) and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
Figure 18. Middle East and Africa Second-hand E-commerce Revenue (USD Million) and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
Figure 19. Second-hand E-commerce Market Drivers
Figure 20. Second-hand E-commerce Market Restraints
Figure 21. Second-hand E-commerce Market Trends
Figure 22. Alibaba Group Recent Developments and Future Plans
Figure 23. Aihuishou Recent Developments and Future Plans
Figure 24. Zhuanzhuan Recent Developments and Future Plans
Figure 25. ThredUp Recent Developments and Future Plans
Figure 26. JD Recent Developments and Future Plans
Figure 27. 58.com Recent Developments and Future Plans
Figure 28. Global Second-hand E-commerce Revenue Share by Players in 2021
Figure 29. Second-hand E-commerce Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3) in 2021
Figure 30. Global Top 3 Players Second-hand E-commerce Revenue Market Share in 2021
Figure 31. Global Top 10 Players Second-hand E-commerce Revenue Market Share in 2021
Figure 32. Key Players Market Share Trend (Top 3 Market Share: 2020 VS 2021 VS 2022)
Figure 33. Global Second-hand E-commerce Revenue Share by Type in 2021
Figure 34. Global Second-hand E-commerce Market Share Forecast by Type (2023-2028)
Figure 35. Global Second-hand E-commerce Revenue Share by Application in 2021
Figure 36. Global Second-hand E-commerce Market Share Forecast by Application (2023-2028)
Figure 37. North America Second-hand E-commerce Sales Market Share by Type (2017-2028)
Figure 38. North America Second-hand E-commerce Sales Market Share by Application (2017-2028)
Figure 39. North America Second-hand E-commerce Revenue Market Share by Country (2017-2028)
Figure 40. United States Second-hand E-commerce Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 41. Canada Second-hand E-commerce Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 42. Mexico Second-hand E-commerce Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 43. Europe Second-hand E-commerce Sales Market Share by Type (2017-2028)
Figure 44. Europe Second-hand E-commerce Sales Market Share by Application (2017-2028)
Figure 45. Europe Second-hand E-commerce Revenue Market Share by Country (2017-2028)
Figure 46. Germany Second-hand E-commerce Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 47. France Second-hand E-commerce Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 48. United Kingdom Second-hand E-commerce Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 49. Russia Second-hand E-commerce Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 50. Italy Second-hand E-commerce Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 51. Asia-Pacific Second-hand E-commerce Sales Market Share by Type (2017-2028)
Figure 52. Asia-Pacific Second-hand E-commerce Sales Market Share by Application (2017-2028)
Figure 53. Asia-Pacific Second-hand E-commerce Revenue Market Share by Region (2017-2028)
Figure 54. China Second-hand E-commerce Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 55. Japan Second-hand E-commerce Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 56. South Korea Second-hand E-commerce Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 57. India Second-hand E-commerce Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 58. Southeast Asia Second-hand E-commerce Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 59. Australia Second-hand E-commerce Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 60. South America Second-hand E-commerce Sales Market Share by Type (2017-2028)
Figure 61. South America Second-hand E-commerce Sales Market Share by Application (2017-2028)
Figure 62. South America Second-hand E-commerce Revenue Market Share by Country (2017-2028)
Figure 63. Brazil Second-hand E-commerce Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 64. Argentina Second-hand E-commerce Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 65. Middle East and Africa Second-hand E-commerce Sales Market Share by Type (2017-2028)
Figure 66. Middle East and Africa Second-hand E-commerce Sales Market Share by Application (2017-2028)
Figure 67. Middle East and Africa Second-hand E-commerce Revenue Market Share by Country (2017-2028)
Figure 68. Turkey Second-hand E-commerce Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 69. Saudi Arabia Second-hand E-commerce Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 70. UAE Second-hand E-commerce Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 71. Methodology
Figure 72. Research Process and Data Source