The Hardware Wallet market report provides a detailed analysis of global market size, regional and country-level market size, segmentation market growth, market share, competitive Landscape, sales analysis, impact of domestic and global market players, value chain optimization, trade regulations, recent developments, opportunities analysis, strategic market growth analysis, product launches, area marketplace expanding, and technological innovations.
According to our latest study, due to COVID-19 pandemic, the global Hardware Wallet market size is estimated to be worth US$ 222.8 million in 2021 and is forecast to a readjusted size of USD 720.6 million by 2028 with a CAGR of 18.3% during review period. Commercial Hardware Wallets accounting for % of the Hardware Wallet global market in 2021, is projected to value USD million by 2028, growing at a % CAGR in next six years. While USB segment is altered to a % CAGR between 2022 and 2028.
Global key companies of Hardware Wallet include Ledger, SatoshiLabs, KeepKey, Coinkite, and CoolBitX, etc. In terms of revenue, the global top four players hold a share over % in 2021.
Market segmentation
Hardware Wallet market is split by Type and by Application. For the period 2017-2028, the growth among segments provide accurate calculations and forecasts for revenue by Type and by Application. This analysis can help you expand your business by targeting qualified niche markets.
Market segment by Type, covers
USB
NFC
Bluetooth
Market segment by Application, can be divided into
Commercial Hardware Wallets
Personal Use
Market segment by players, this report covers
Ledger
SatoshiLabs
KeepKey
Coinkite
CoolBitX
SHIFT Crypto Security
Penta Security Systems
Market segment by regions, regional analysis covers
North America (United States, Canada, and Mexico)
Europe (Germany, France, UK, Russia, Italy, and Rest of Europe)
Asia-Pacific (China, Japan, South Korea, India, Southeast Asia, Australia, and Rest of Asia-Pacific)
South America (Brazil, Argentina, Rest of South America)
Middle East & Africa (Turkey, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Rest of Middle East & Africa)
The content of the study subjects, includes a total of 12 chapters:
Chapter 1, to describe Hardware Wallet product scope, market overview, market opportunities, market driving force and market risks.
Chapter 2, to profile the top players of Hardware Wallet, with revenue, gross margin and global market share of Hardware Wallet from 2019 to 2022.
Chapter 3, the Hardware Wallet competitive situation, revenue and global market share of top players are analyzed emphatically by landscape contrast.
Chapter 4 and 5, to segment the market size by Type and application, with revenue and growth rate by Type, application, from 2017 to 2028.
Chapter 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10, to break the market size data at the country level, with revenue and market share for key countries in the world, from 2017 to 2022.and Hardware Wallet market forecast, by regions, type and application, with revenue, from 2023 to 2028.
Chapter 11 and 12, to describe Hardware Wallet research findings and conclusion, appendix and data source.
The base year for the study has been considered 2019, historic year 2014 and 2018, the forecast period considered is from 2020 to 2027. The regions analyzed for the market include North America, Europe, South America, Asia Pacific, and Middle East and Africa. These regions are further analyzed at the country-level. The study also includes attractiveness analysis of type, application and regions which are benchmarked based on their market size, growth rate and attractiveness in terms of present and future opportunity for understanding the future growth of the market.
Market is segmented on the basis:
The report offers in-depth analysis of driving factors, opportunities, restraints, and challenges for gaining the key insight of the market. The report emphasizes on all the key trends that play a vital role in the enlargement of the market from 2019 to 2026.
The report provides company profile of the key players operating in the market and a comparative analysis based on their business overviews industry offering, segment market share, regional presence, business strategies, innovations, mergers & acquisitions, recent developments, joint venture, collaborations, partnerships, SWOT analysis, and key financial information.
1 Market Overview
1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Hardware Wallet
1.2 Classification of Hardware Wallet by Type
1.2.1 Overview: Global Hardware Wallet Market Size by Type: 2017 Versus 2021 Versus 2028
1.2.2 Global Hardware Wallet Revenue Market Share by Type in 2021
1.2.3 USB
1.2.4 NFC
1.2.5 Bluetooth
1.3 Global Hardware Wallet Market by Application
1.3.1 Overview: Global Hardware Wallet Market Size by Application: 2017 Versus 2021 Versus 2028
1.3.2 Commercial Hardware Wallets
1.3.3 Personal Use
1.4 Global Hardware Wallet Market Size & Forecast
1.5 Global Hardware Wallet Market Size and Forecast by Region
1.5.1 Global Hardware Wallet Market Size by Region: 2017 VS 2021 VS 2028
1.5.2 Global Hardware Wallet Market Size by Region, (2017-2022)
1.5.3 North America Hardware Wallet Market Size and Prospect (2017-2028)
1.5.4 Europe Hardware Wallet Market Size and Prospect (2017-2028)
1.5.5 Asia-Pacific Hardware Wallet Market Size and Prospect (2017-2028)
1.5.6 South America Hardware Wallet Market Size and Prospect (2017-2028)
1.5.7 Middle East and Africa Hardware Wallet Market Size and Prospect (2017-2028)
1.6 Market Drivers, Restraints and Trends
1.6.1 Hardware Wallet Market Drivers
1.6.2 Hardware Wallet Market Restraints
1.6.3 Hardware Wallet Trends Analysis
2 Company Profiles
2.1 Ledger
2.1.1 Ledger Details
2.1.2 Ledger Major Business
2.1.3 Ledger Hardware Wallet Product and Solutions
2.1.4 Ledger Hardware Wallet Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
2.1.5 Ledger Recent Developments and Future Plans
2.2 SatoshiLabs
2.2.1 SatoshiLabs Details
2.2.2 SatoshiLabs Major Business
2.2.3 SatoshiLabs Hardware Wallet Product and Solutions
2.2.4 SatoshiLabs Hardware Wallet Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
2.2.5 SatoshiLabs Recent Developments and Future Plans
2.3 KeepKey
2.3.1 KeepKey Details
2.3.2 KeepKey Major Business
2.3.3 KeepKey Hardware Wallet Product and Solutions
2.3.4 KeepKey Hardware Wallet Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
2.3.5 KeepKey Recent Developments and Future Plans
2.4 Coinkite
2.4.1 Coinkite Details
2.4.2 Coinkite Major Business
2.4.3 Coinkite Hardware Wallet Product and Solutions
2.4.4 Coinkite Hardware Wallet Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
2.4.5 Coinkite Recent Developments and Future Plans
2.5 CoolBitX
2.5.1 CoolBitX Details
2.5.2 CoolBitX Major Business
2.5.3 CoolBitX Hardware Wallet Product and Solutions
2.5.4 CoolBitX Hardware Wallet Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
2.5.5 CoolBitX Recent Developments and Future Plans
2.6 SHIFT Crypto Security
2.6.1 SHIFT Crypto Security Details
2.6.2 SHIFT Crypto Security Major Business
2.6.3 SHIFT Crypto Security Hardware Wallet Product and Solutions
2.6.4 SHIFT Crypto Security Hardware Wallet Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
2.6.5 SHIFT Crypto Security Recent Developments and Future Plans
2.7 Penta Security Systems
2.7.1 Penta Security Systems Details
2.7.2 Penta Security Systems Major Business
2.7.3 Penta Security Systems Hardware Wallet Product and Solutions
2.7.4 Penta Security Systems Hardware Wallet Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
2.7.5 Penta Security Systems Recent Developments and Future Plans
3 Market Competition, by Players
3.1 Global Hardware Wallet Revenue and Share by Players (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
3.2 Market Concentration Rate
3.2.1 Top 3 Hardware Wallet Players Market Share in 2021
3.2.2 Top 10 Hardware Wallet Players Market Share in 2021
3.2.3 Market Competition Trend
3.3 Hardware Wallet Players Head Office, Products and Services Provided
3.4 Hardware Wallet Mergers & Acquisitions
3.5 Hardware Wallet New Entrants and Expansion Plans
4 Market Size Segment by Type
4.1 Global Hardware Wallet Revenue and Market Share by Type (2017-2022)
4.2 Global Hardware Wallet Market Forecast by Type (2023-2028)
5 Market Size Segment by Application
5.1 Global Hardware Wallet Revenue Market Share by Application (2017-2022)
5.2 Global Hardware Wallet Market Forecast by Application (2023-2028)
6 North America by Country, by Type, and by Application
6.1 North America Hardware Wallet Revenue by Type (2017-2028)
6.2 North America Hardware Wallet Revenue by Application (2017-2028)
6.3 North America Hardware Wallet Market Size by Country
6.3.1 North America Hardware Wallet Revenue by Country (2017-2028)
6.3.2 United States Hardware Wallet Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
6.3.3 Canada Hardware Wallet Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
6.3.4 Mexico Hardware Wallet Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
7 Europe by Country, by Type, and by Application
7.1 Europe Hardware Wallet Revenue by Type (2017-2028)
7.2 Europe Hardware Wallet Revenue by Application (2017-2028)
7.3 Europe Hardware Wallet Market Size by Country
7.3.1 Europe Hardware Wallet Revenue by Country (2017-2028)
7.3.2 Germany Hardware Wallet Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
7.3.3 France Hardware Wallet Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
7.3.4 United Kingdom Hardware Wallet Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
7.3.5 Russia Hardware Wallet Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
7.3.6 Italy Hardware Wallet Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
8 Asia-Pacific by Region, by Type, and by Application
8.1 Asia-Pacific Hardware Wallet Revenue by Type (2017-2028)
8.2 Asia-Pacific Hardware Wallet Revenue by Application (2017-2028)
8.3 Asia-Pacific Hardware Wallet Market Size by Region
8.3.1 Asia-Pacific Hardware Wallet Revenue by Region (2017-2028)
8.3.2 China Hardware Wallet Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
8.3.3 Japan Hardware Wallet Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
8.3.4 South Korea Hardware Wallet Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
8.3.5 India Hardware Wallet Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
8.3.6 Southeast Asia Hardware Wallet Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
8.3.7 Australia Hardware Wallet Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
9 South America by Country, by Type, and by Application
9.1 South America Hardware Wallet Revenue by Type (2017-2028)
9.2 South America Hardware Wallet Revenue by Application (2017-2028)
9.3 South America Hardware Wallet Market Size by Country
9.3.1 South America Hardware Wallet Revenue by Country (2017-2028)
9.3.2 Brazil Hardware Wallet Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
9.3.3 Argentina Hardware Wallet Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
10 Middle East & Africa by Country, by Type, and by Application
10.1 Middle East & Africa Hardware Wallet Revenue by Type (2017-2028)
10.2 Middle East & Africa Hardware Wallet Revenue by Application (2017-2028)
10.3 Middle East & Africa Hardware Wallet Market Size by Country
10.3.1 Middle East & Africa Hardware Wallet Revenue by Country (2017-2028)
10.3.2 Turkey Hardware Wallet Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
10.3.3 Saudi Arabia Hardware Wallet Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
10.3.4 UAE Hardware Wallet Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
11 Research Findings and Conclusion
12 Appendix
12.1 Methodology
12.2 Research Process and Data Source
12.3 Disclaimer
List of Tables
Table 1. Global Hardware Wallet Revenue by Type, (USD Million), 2017 VS 2021 VS 2028
Table 2. Global Hardware Wallet Revenue by Application, (USD Million), 2017 VS 2021 VS 2028
Table 3. Global Market Hardware Wallet Revenue (Million USD) Comparison by Region (2017 VS 2021 VS 2028)
Table 4. Global Hardware Wallet Revenue (USD Million) by Region (2017-2022)
Table 5. Global Hardware Wallet Revenue Market Share by Region (2023-2028)
Table 6. Ledger Corporate Information, Head Office, and Major Competitors
Table 7. Ledger Major Business
Table 8. Ledger Hardware Wallet Product and Solutions
Table 9. Ledger Hardware Wallet Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
Table 10. SatoshiLabs Corporate Information, Head Office, and Major Competitors
Table 11. SatoshiLabs Major Business
Table 12. SatoshiLabs Hardware Wallet Product and Solutions
Table 13. SatoshiLabs Hardware Wallet Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
Table 14. KeepKey Corporate Information, Head Office, and Major Competitors
Table 15. KeepKey Major Business
Table 16. KeepKey Hardware Wallet Product and Solutions
Table 17. KeepKey Hardware Wallet Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
Table 18. Coinkite Corporate Information, Head Office, and Major Competitors
Table 19. Coinkite Major Business
Table 20. Coinkite Hardware Wallet Product and Solutions
Table 21. Coinkite Hardware Wallet Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
Table 22. CoolBitX Corporate Information, Head Office, and Major Competitors
Table 23. CoolBitX Major Business
Table 24. CoolBitX Hardware Wallet Product and Solutions
Table 25. CoolBitX Hardware Wallet Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
Table 26. SHIFT Crypto Security Corporate Information, Head Office, and Major Competitors
Table 27. SHIFT Crypto Security Major Business
Table 28. SHIFT Crypto Security Hardware Wallet Product and Solutions
Table 29. SHIFT Crypto Security Hardware Wallet Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
Table 30. Penta Security Systems Corporate Information, Head Office, and Major Competitors
Table 31. Penta Security Systems Major Business
Table 32. Penta Security Systems Hardware Wallet Product and Solutions
Table 33. Penta Security Systems Hardware Wallet Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
Table 34. Global Hardware Wallet Revenue (USD Million) by Players (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
Table 35. Global Hardware Wallet Revenue Share by Players (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
Table 36. Breakdown of Hardware Wallet by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3)
Table 37. Hardware Wallet Players Head Office, Products and Services Provided
Table 38. Hardware Wallet Mergers & Acquisitions in the Past Five Years
Table 39. Hardware Wallet New Entrants and Expansion Plans
Table 40. Global Hardware Wallet Revenue (USD Million) by Type (2017-2022)
Table 41. Global Hardware Wallet Revenue Share by Type (2017-2022)
Table 42. Global Hardware Wallet Revenue Forecast by Type (2023-2028)
Table 43. Global Hardware Wallet Revenue by Application (2017-2022)
Table 44. Global Hardware Wallet Revenue Forecast by Application (2023-2028)
Table 45. North America Hardware Wallet Revenue by Type (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 46. North America Hardware Wallet Revenue by Type (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 47. North America Hardware Wallet Revenue by Application (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 48. North America Hardware Wallet Revenue by Application (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 49. North America Hardware Wallet Revenue by Country (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 50. North America Hardware Wallet Revenue by Country (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 51. Europe Hardware Wallet Revenue by Type (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 52. Europe Hardware Wallet Revenue by Type (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 53. Europe Hardware Wallet Revenue by Application (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 54. Europe Hardware Wallet Revenue by Application (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 55. Europe Hardware Wallet Revenue by Country (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 56. Europe Hardware Wallet Revenue by Country (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 57. Asia-Pacific Hardware Wallet Revenue by Type (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 58. Asia-Pacific Hardware Wallet Revenue by Type (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 59. Asia-Pacific Hardware Wallet Revenue by Application (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 60. Asia-Pacific Hardware Wallet Revenue by Application (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 61. Asia-Pacific Hardware Wallet Revenue by Region (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 62. Asia-Pacific Hardware Wallet Revenue by Region (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 63. South America Hardware Wallet Revenue by Type (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 64. South America Hardware Wallet Revenue by Type (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 65. South America Hardware Wallet Revenue by Application (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 66. South America Hardware Wallet Revenue by Application (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 67. South America Hardware Wallet Revenue by Country (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 68. South America Hardware Wallet Revenue by Country (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 69. Middle East & Africa Hardware Wallet Revenue by Type (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 70. Middle East & Africa Hardware Wallet Revenue by Type (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 71. Middle East & Africa Hardware Wallet Revenue by Application (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 72. Middle East & Africa Hardware Wallet Revenue by Application (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 73. Middle East & Africa Hardware Wallet Revenue by Country (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 74. Middle East & Africa Hardware Wallet Revenue by Country (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
List of Figures
Figure 1. Hardware Wallet Picture
Figure 2. Global Hardware Wallet Revenue Market Share by Type in 2021
Figure 3. USB
Figure 4. NFC
Figure 5. Bluetooth
Figure 6. Hardware Wallet Revenue Market Share by Application in 2021
Figure 7. Commercial Hardware Wallets Picture
Figure 8. Personal Use Picture
Figure 9. Global Hardware Wallet Market Size, (USD Million): 2017 VS 2021 VS 2028
Figure 10. Global Hardware Wallet Revenue and Forecast (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 11. Global Hardware Wallet Revenue Market Share by Region (2017-2028)
Figure 12. Global Hardware Wallet Revenue Market Share by Region in 2021
Figure 13. North America Hardware Wallet Revenue (USD Million) and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
Figure 14. Europe Hardware Wallet Revenue (USD Million) and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
Figure 15. Asia-Pacific Hardware Wallet Revenue (USD Million) and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
Figure 16. South America Hardware Wallet Revenue (USD Million) and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
Figure 17. Middle East and Africa Hardware Wallet Revenue (USD Million) and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
Figure 18. Hardware Wallet Market Drivers
Figure 19. Hardware Wallet Market Restraints
Figure 20. Hardware Wallet Market Trends
Figure 21. Ledger Recent Developments and Future Plans
Figure 22. SatoshiLabs Recent Developments and Future Plans
Figure 23. KeepKey Recent Developments and Future Plans
Figure 24. Coinkite Recent Developments and Future Plans
Figure 25. CoolBitX Recent Developments and Future Plans
Figure 26. SHIFT Crypto Security Recent Developments and Future Plans
Figure 27. Penta Security Systems Recent Developments and Future Plans
Figure 28. Global Hardware Wallet Revenue Share by Players in 2021
Figure 29. Hardware Wallet Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3) in 2021
Figure 30. Global Top 3 Players Hardware Wallet Revenue Market Share in 2021
Figure 31. Global Top 10 Players Hardware Wallet Revenue Market Share in 2021
Figure 32. Key Players Market Share Trend (Top 3 Market Share: 2020 VS 2021 VS 2022)
Figure 33. Global Hardware Wallet Revenue Share by Type in 2021
Figure 34. Global Hardware Wallet Market Share Forecast by Type (2023-2028)
Figure 35. Global Hardware Wallet Revenue Share by Application in 2021
Figure 36. Global Hardware Wallet Market Share Forecast by Application (2023-2028)
Figure 37. North America Hardware Wallet Sales Market Share by Type (2017-2028)
Figure 38. North America Hardware Wallet Sales Market Share by Application (2017-2028)
Figure 39. North America Hardware Wallet Revenue Market Share by Country (2017-2028)
Figure 40. United States Hardware Wallet Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 41. Canada Hardware Wallet Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 42. Mexico Hardware Wallet Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 43. Europe Hardware Wallet Sales Market Share by Type (2017-2028)
Figure 44. Europe Hardware Wallet Sales Market Share by Application (2017-2028)
Figure 45. Europe Hardware Wallet Revenue Market Share by Country (2017-2028)
Figure 46. Germany Hardware Wallet Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 47. France Hardware Wallet Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 48. United Kingdom Hardware Wallet Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 49. Russia Hardware Wallet Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 50. Italy Hardware Wallet Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 51. Asia-Pacific Hardware Wallet Sales Market Share by Type (2017-2028)
Figure 52. Asia-Pacific Hardware Wallet Sales Market Share by Application (2017-2028)
Figure 53. Asia-Pacific Hardware Wallet Revenue Market Share by Region (2017-2028)
Figure 54. China Hardware Wallet Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 55. Japan Hardware Wallet Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 56. South Korea Hardware Wallet Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 57. India Hardware Wallet Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 58. Southeast Asia Hardware Wallet Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 59. Australia Hardware Wallet Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 60. South America Hardware Wallet Sales Market Share by Type (2017-2028)
Figure 61. South America Hardware Wallet Sales Market Share by Application (2017-2028)
Figure 62. South America Hardware Wallet Revenue Market Share by Country (2017-2028)
Figure 63. Brazil Hardware Wallet Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 64. Argentina Hardware Wallet Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 65. Middle East and Africa Hardware Wallet Sales Market Share by Type (2017-2028)
Figure 66. Middle East and Africa Hardware Wallet Sales Market Share by Application (2017-2028)
Figure 67. Middle East and Africa Hardware Wallet Revenue Market Share by Country (2017-2028)
Figure 68. Turkey Hardware Wallet Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 69. Saudi Arabia Hardware Wallet Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 70. UAE Hardware Wallet Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 71. Methodology
Figure 72. Research Process and Data Source