The Typesetting Software market report provides a detailed analysis of global market size, regional and country-level market size, segmentation market growth, market share, competitive Landscape, sales analysis, impact of domestic and global market players, value chain optimization, trade regulations, recent developments, opportunities analysis, strategic market growth analysis, product launches, area marketplace expanding, and technological innovations.
According to our latest study, due to COVID-19 pandemic, the global Typesetting Software market size is estimated to be worth US$ million in 2021 and is forecast to a readjusted size of USD million by 2028 with a CAGR of % during review period. Publication accounting for % of the Typesetting Software global market in 2021, is projected to value USD million by 2028, growing at a % CAGR in next six years. While Mobile segment is altered to a % CAGR between 2022 and 2028.
Global key companies of Typesetting Software include Adobe Systems Incorporated, Quark Software, Peking University Founder Group, Wuhan Mengtai Technology, and Beijing Heima Feiteng Technology, etc. In terms of revenue, the global top four players hold a share over % in 2021.
Market segmentation
Typesetting Software market is split by Type and by Application. For the period 2017-2028, the growth among segments provide accurate calculations and forecasts for revenue by Type and by Application. This analysis can help you expand your business by targeting qualified niche markets.
Market segment by Type, covers
Mobile
PC
Other
Market segment by Application, can be divided into
Publication
Media Design
Other
Market segment by players, this report covers
Adobe Systems Incorporated
Quark Software
Peking University Founder Group
Wuhan Mengtai Technology
Beijing Heima Feiteng Technology
MAP Systems
Techosoft
Market segment by regions, regional analysis covers
North America (United States, Canada, and Mexico)
Europe (Germany, France, UK, Russia, Italy, and Rest of Europe)
Asia-Pacific (China, Japan, South Korea, India, Southeast Asia, Australia, and Rest of Asia-Pacific)
South America (Brazil, Argentina, Rest of South America)
Middle East & Africa (Turkey, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Rest of Middle East & Africa)
The content of the study subjects, includes a total of 12 chapters:
Chapter 1, to describe Typesetting Software product scope, market overview, market opportunities, market driving force and market risks.
Chapter 2, to profile the top players of Typesetting Software, with revenue, gross margin and global market share of Typesetting Software from 2019 to 2022.
Chapter 3, the Typesetting Software competitive situation, revenue and global market share of top players are analyzed emphatically by landscape contrast.
Chapter 4 and 5, to segment the market size by Type and application, with revenue and growth rate by Type, application, from 2017 to 2028.
Chapter 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10, to break the market size data at the country level, with revenue and market share for key countries in the world, from 2017 to 2022.and Typesetting Software market forecast, by regions, type and application, with revenue, from 2023 to 2028.
Chapter 11 and 12, to describe Typesetting Software research findings and conclusion, appendix and data source.
The base year for the study has been considered 2019, historic year 2014 and 2018, the forecast period considered is from 2020 to 2027. The regions analyzed for the market include North America, Europe, South America, Asia Pacific, and Middle East and Africa. These regions are further analyzed at the country-level. The study also includes attractiveness analysis of type, application and regions which are benchmarked based on their market size, growth rate and attractiveness in terms of present and future opportunity for understanding the future growth of the market.
Market is segmented on the basis:
The report offers in-depth analysis of driving factors, opportunities, restraints, and challenges for gaining the key insight of the market. The report emphasizes on all the key trends that play a vital role in the enlargement of the market from 2019 to 2026.
The report provides company profile of the key players operating in the market and a comparative analysis based on their business overviews industry offering, segment market share, regional presence, business strategies, innovations, mergers & acquisitions, recent developments, joint venture, collaborations, partnerships, SWOT analysis, and key financial information.
1 Market Overview
1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Typesetting Software
1.2 Classification of Typesetting Software by Type
1.2.1 Overview: Global Typesetting Software Market Size by Type: 2017 Versus 2021 Versus 2028
1.2.2 Global Typesetting Software Revenue Market Share by Type in 2021
1.2.3 Mobile
1.2.4 PC
1.2.5 Other
1.3 Global Typesetting Software Market by Application
1.3.1 Overview: Global Typesetting Software Market Size by Application: 2017 Versus 2021 Versus 2028
1.3.2 Publication
1.3.3 Media Design
1.3.4 Other
1.4 Global Typesetting Software Market Size & Forecast
1.5 Global Typesetting Software Market Size and Forecast by Region
1.5.1 Global Typesetting Software Market Size by Region: 2017 VS 2021 VS 2028
1.5.2 Global Typesetting Software Market Size by Region, (2017-2022)
1.5.3 North America Typesetting Software Market Size and Prospect (2017-2028)
1.5.4 Europe Typesetting Software Market Size and Prospect (2017-2028)
1.5.5 Asia-Pacific Typesetting Software Market Size and Prospect (2017-2028)
1.5.6 South America Typesetting Software Market Size and Prospect (2017-2028)
1.5.7 Middle East and Africa Typesetting Software Market Size and Prospect (2017-2028)
1.6 Market Drivers, Restraints and Trends
1.6.1 Typesetting Software Market Drivers
1.6.2 Typesetting Software Market Restraints
1.6.3 Typesetting Software Trends Analysis
2 Company Profiles
2.1 Adobe Systems Incorporated
2.1.1 Adobe Systems Incorporated Details
2.1.2 Adobe Systems Incorporated Major Business
2.1.3 Adobe Systems Incorporated Typesetting Software Product and Solutions
2.1.4 Adobe Systems Incorporated Typesetting Software Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
2.1.5 Adobe Systems Incorporated Recent Developments and Future Plans
2.2 Quark Software
2.2.1 Quark Software Details
2.2.2 Quark Software Major Business
2.2.3 Quark Software Typesetting Software Product and Solutions
2.2.4 Quark Software Typesetting Software Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
2.2.5 Quark Software Recent Developments and Future Plans
2.3 Peking University Founder Group
2.3.1 Peking University Founder Group Details
2.3.2 Peking University Founder Group Major Business
2.3.3 Peking University Founder Group Typesetting Software Product and Solutions
2.3.4 Peking University Founder Group Typesetting Software Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
2.3.5 Peking University Founder Group Recent Developments and Future Plans
2.4 Wuhan Mengtai Technology
2.4.1 Wuhan Mengtai Technology Details
2.4.2 Wuhan Mengtai Technology Major Business
2.4.3 Wuhan Mengtai Technology Typesetting Software Product and Solutions
2.4.4 Wuhan Mengtai Technology Typesetting Software Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
2.4.5 Wuhan Mengtai Technology Recent Developments and Future Plans
2.5 Beijing Heima Feiteng Technology
2.5.1 Beijing Heima Feiteng Technology Details
2.5.2 Beijing Heima Feiteng Technology Major Business
2.5.3 Beijing Heima Feiteng Technology Typesetting Software Product and Solutions
2.5.4 Beijing Heima Feiteng Technology Typesetting Software Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
2.5.5 Beijing Heima Feiteng Technology Recent Developments and Future Plans
2.6 MAP Systems
2.6.1 MAP Systems Details
2.6.2 MAP Systems Major Business
2.6.3 MAP Systems Typesetting Software Product and Solutions
2.6.4 MAP Systems Typesetting Software Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
2.6.5 MAP Systems Recent Developments and Future Plans
2.7 Techosoft
2.7.1 Techosoft Details
2.7.2 Techosoft Major Business
2.7.3 Techosoft Typesetting Software Product and Solutions
2.7.4 Techosoft Typesetting Software Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
2.7.5 Techosoft Recent Developments and Future Plans
3 Market Competition, by Players
3.1 Global Typesetting Software Revenue and Share by Players (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
3.2 Market Concentration Rate
3.2.1 Top 3 Typesetting Software Players Market Share in 2021
3.2.2 Top 10 Typesetting Software Players Market Share in 2021
3.2.3 Market Competition Trend
3.3 Typesetting Software Players Head Office, Products and Services Provided
3.4 Typesetting Software Mergers & Acquisitions
3.5 Typesetting Software New Entrants and Expansion Plans
4 Market Size Segment by Type
4.1 Global Typesetting Software Revenue and Market Share by Type (2017-2022)
4.2 Global Typesetting Software Market Forecast by Type (2023-2028)
5 Market Size Segment by Application
5.1 Global Typesetting Software Revenue Market Share by Application (2017-2022)
5.2 Global Typesetting Software Market Forecast by Application (2023-2028)
6 North America by Country, by Type, and by Application
6.1 North America Typesetting Software Revenue by Type (2017-2028)
6.2 North America Typesetting Software Revenue by Application (2017-2028)
6.3 North America Typesetting Software Market Size by Country
6.3.1 North America Typesetting Software Revenue by Country (2017-2028)
6.3.2 United States Typesetting Software Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
6.3.3 Canada Typesetting Software Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
6.3.4 Mexico Typesetting Software Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
7 Europe by Country, by Type, and by Application
7.1 Europe Typesetting Software Revenue by Type (2017-2028)
7.2 Europe Typesetting Software Revenue by Application (2017-2028)
7.3 Europe Typesetting Software Market Size by Country
7.3.1 Europe Typesetting Software Revenue by Country (2017-2028)
7.3.2 Germany Typesetting Software Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
7.3.3 France Typesetting Software Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
7.3.4 United Kingdom Typesetting Software Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
7.3.5 Russia Typesetting Software Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
7.3.6 Italy Typesetting Software Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
8 Asia-Pacific by Region, by Type, and by Application
8.1 Asia-Pacific Typesetting Software Revenue by Type (2017-2028)
8.2 Asia-Pacific Typesetting Software Revenue by Application (2017-2028)
8.3 Asia-Pacific Typesetting Software Market Size by Region
8.3.1 Asia-Pacific Typesetting Software Revenue by Region (2017-2028)
8.3.2 China Typesetting Software Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
8.3.3 Japan Typesetting Software Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
8.3.4 South Korea Typesetting Software Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
8.3.5 India Typesetting Software Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
8.3.6 Southeast Asia Typesetting Software Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
8.3.7 Australia Typesetting Software Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
9 South America by Country, by Type, and by Application
9.1 South America Typesetting Software Revenue by Type (2017-2028)
9.2 South America Typesetting Software Revenue by Application (2017-2028)
9.3 South America Typesetting Software Market Size by Country
9.3.1 South America Typesetting Software Revenue by Country (2017-2028)
9.3.2 Brazil Typesetting Software Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
9.3.3 Argentina Typesetting Software Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
10 Middle East & Africa by Country, by Type, and by Application
10.1 Middle East & Africa Typesetting Software Revenue by Type (2017-2028)
10.2 Middle East & Africa Typesetting Software Revenue by Application (2017-2028)
10.3 Middle East & Africa Typesetting Software Market Size by Country
10.3.1 Middle East & Africa Typesetting Software Revenue by Country (2017-2028)
10.3.2 Turkey Typesetting Software Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
10.3.3 Saudi Arabia Typesetting Software Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
10.3.4 UAE Typesetting Software Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
11 Research Findings and Conclusion
12 Appendix
12.1 Methodology
12.2 Research Process and Data Source
12.3 Disclaimer
List of Tables
Table 1. Global Typesetting Software Revenue by Type, (USD Million), 2017 VS 2021 VS 2028
Table 2. Global Typesetting Software Revenue by Application, (USD Million), 2017 VS 2021 VS 2028
Table 3. Global Market Typesetting Software Revenue (Million USD) Comparison by Region (2017 VS 2021 VS 2028)
Table 4. Global Typesetting Software Revenue (USD Million) by Region (2017-2022)
Table 5. Global Typesetting Software Revenue Market Share by Region (2023-2028)
Table 6. Adobe Systems Incorporated Corporate Information, Head Office, and Major Competitors
Table 7. Adobe Systems Incorporated Major Business
Table 8. Adobe Systems Incorporated Typesetting Software Product and Solutions
Table 9. Adobe Systems Incorporated Typesetting Software Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
Table 10. Quark Software Corporate Information, Head Office, and Major Competitors
Table 11. Quark Software Major Business
Table 12. Quark Software Typesetting Software Product and Solutions
Table 13. Quark Software Typesetting Software Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
Table 14. Peking University Founder Group Corporate Information, Head Office, and Major Competitors
Table 15. Peking University Founder Group Major Business
Table 16. Peking University Founder Group Typesetting Software Product and Solutions
Table 17. Peking University Founder Group Typesetting Software Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
Table 18. Wuhan Mengtai Technology Corporate Information, Head Office, and Major Competitors
Table 19. Wuhan Mengtai Technology Major Business
Table 20. Wuhan Mengtai Technology Typesetting Software Product and Solutions
Table 21. Wuhan Mengtai Technology Typesetting Software Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
Table 22. Beijing Heima Feiteng Technology Corporate Information, Head Office, and Major Competitors
Table 23. Beijing Heima Feiteng Technology Major Business
Table 24. Beijing Heima Feiteng Technology Typesetting Software Product and Solutions
Table 25. Beijing Heima Feiteng Technology Typesetting Software Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
Table 26. MAP Systems Corporate Information, Head Office, and Major Competitors
Table 27. MAP Systems Major Business
Table 28. MAP Systems Typesetting Software Product and Solutions
Table 29. MAP Systems Typesetting Software Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
Table 30. Techosoft Corporate Information, Head Office, and Major Competitors
Table 31. Techosoft Major Business
Table 32. Techosoft Typesetting Software Product and Solutions
Table 33. Techosoft Typesetting Software Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
Table 34. Global Typesetting Software Revenue (USD Million) by Players (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
Table 35. Global Typesetting Software Revenue Share by Players (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
Table 36. Breakdown of Typesetting Software by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3)
Table 37. Typesetting Software Players Head Office, Products and Services Provided
Table 38. Typesetting Software Mergers & Acquisitions in the Past Five Years
Table 39. Typesetting Software New Entrants and Expansion Plans
Table 40. Global Typesetting Software Revenue (USD Million) by Type (2017-2022)
Table 41. Global Typesetting Software Revenue Share by Type (2017-2022)
Table 42. Global Typesetting Software Revenue Forecast by Type (2023-2028)
Table 43. Global Typesetting Software Revenue by Application (2017-2022)
Table 44. Global Typesetting Software Revenue Forecast by Application (2023-2028)
Table 45. North America Typesetting Software Revenue by Type (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 46. North America Typesetting Software Revenue by Type (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 47. North America Typesetting Software Revenue by Application (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 48. North America Typesetting Software Revenue by Application (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 49. North America Typesetting Software Revenue by Country (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 50. North America Typesetting Software Revenue by Country (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 51. Europe Typesetting Software Revenue by Type (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 52. Europe Typesetting Software Revenue by Type (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 53. Europe Typesetting Software Revenue by Application (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 54. Europe Typesetting Software Revenue by Application (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 55. Europe Typesetting Software Revenue by Country (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 56. Europe Typesetting Software Revenue by Country (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 57. Asia-Pacific Typesetting Software Revenue by Type (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 58. Asia-Pacific Typesetting Software Revenue by Type (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 59. Asia-Pacific Typesetting Software Revenue by Application (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 60. Asia-Pacific Typesetting Software Revenue by Application (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 61. Asia-Pacific Typesetting Software Revenue by Region (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 62. Asia-Pacific Typesetting Software Revenue by Region (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 63. South America Typesetting Software Revenue by Type (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 64. South America Typesetting Software Revenue by Type (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 65. South America Typesetting Software Revenue by Application (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 66. South America Typesetting Software Revenue by Application (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 67. South America Typesetting Software Revenue by Country (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 68. South America Typesetting Software Revenue by Country (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 69. Middle East & Africa Typesetting Software Revenue by Type (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 70. Middle East & Africa Typesetting Software Revenue by Type (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 71. Middle East & Africa Typesetting Software Revenue by Application (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 72. Middle East & Africa Typesetting Software Revenue by Application (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 73. Middle East & Africa Typesetting Software Revenue by Country (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 74. Middle East & Africa Typesetting Software Revenue by Country (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
List of Figures
Figure 1. Typesetting Software Picture
Figure 2. Global Typesetting Software Revenue Market Share by Type in 2021
Figure 3. Mobile
Figure 4. PC
Figure 5. Other
Figure 6. Typesetting Software Revenue Market Share by Application in 2021
Figure 7. Publication Picture
Figure 8. Media Design Picture
Figure 9. Other Picture
Figure 10. Global Typesetting Software Market Size, (USD Million): 2017 VS 2021 VS 2028
Figure 11. Global Typesetting Software Revenue and Forecast (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 12. Global Typesetting Software Revenue Market Share by Region (2017-2028)
Figure 13. Global Typesetting Software Revenue Market Share by Region in 2021
Figure 14. North America Typesetting Software Revenue (USD Million) and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
Figure 15. Europe Typesetting Software Revenue (USD Million) and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
Figure 16. Asia-Pacific Typesetting Software Revenue (USD Million) and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
Figure 17. South America Typesetting Software Revenue (USD Million) and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
Figure 18. Middle East and Africa Typesetting Software Revenue (USD Million) and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
Figure 19. Typesetting Software Market Drivers
Figure 20. Typesetting Software Market Restraints
Figure 21. Typesetting Software Market Trends
Figure 22. Adobe Systems Incorporated Recent Developments and Future Plans
Figure 23. Quark Software Recent Developments and Future Plans
Figure 24. Peking University Founder Group Recent Developments and Future Plans
Figure 25. Wuhan Mengtai Technology Recent Developments and Future Plans
Figure 26. Beijing Heima Feiteng Technology Recent Developments and Future Plans
Figure 27. MAP Systems Recent Developments and Future Plans
Figure 28. Techosoft Recent Developments and Future Plans
Figure 29. Global Typesetting Software Revenue Share by Players in 2021
Figure 30. Typesetting Software Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3) in 2021
Figure 31. Global Top 3 Players Typesetting Software Revenue Market Share in 2021
Figure 32. Global Top 10 Players Typesetting Software Revenue Market Share in 2021
Figure 33. Key Players Market Share Trend (Top 3 Market Share: 2020 VS 2021 VS 2022)
Figure 34. Global Typesetting Software Revenue Share by Type in 2021
Figure 35. Global Typesetting Software Market Share Forecast by Type (2023-2028)
Figure 36. Global Typesetting Software Revenue Share by Application in 2021
Figure 37. Global Typesetting Software Market Share Forecast by Application (2023-2028)
Figure 38. North America Typesetting Software Sales Market Share by Type (2017-2028)
Figure 39. North America Typesetting Software Sales Market Share by Application (2017-2028)
Figure 40. North America Typesetting Software Revenue Market Share by Country (2017-2028)
Figure 41. United States Typesetting Software Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 42. Canada Typesetting Software Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 43. Mexico Typesetting Software Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 44. Europe Typesetting Software Sales Market Share by Type (2017-2028)
Figure 45. Europe Typesetting Software Sales Market Share by Application (2017-2028)
Figure 46. Europe Typesetting Software Revenue Market Share by Country (2017-2028)
Figure 47. Germany Typesetting Software Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 48. France Typesetting Software Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 49. United Kingdom Typesetting Software Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 50. Russia Typesetting Software Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 51. Italy Typesetting Software Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 52. Asia-Pacific Typesetting Software Sales Market Share by Type (2017-2028)
Figure 53. Asia-Pacific Typesetting Software Sales Market Share by Application (2017-2028)
Figure 54. Asia-Pacific Typesetting Software Revenue Market Share by Region (2017-2028)
Figure 55. China Typesetting Software Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 56. Japan Typesetting Software Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 57. South Korea Typesetting Software Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 58. India Typesetting Software Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 59. Southeast Asia Typesetting Software Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 60. Australia Typesetting Software Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 61. South America Typesetting Software Sales Market Share by Type (2017-2028)
Figure 62. South America Typesetting Software Sales Market Share by Application (2017-2028)
Figure 63. South America Typesetting Software Revenue Market Share by Country (2017-2028)
Figure 64. Brazil Typesetting Software Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 65. Argentina Typesetting Software Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 66. Middle East and Africa Typesetting Software Sales Market Share by Type (2017-2028)
Figure 67. Middle East and Africa Typesetting Software Sales Market Share by Application (2017-2028)
Figure 68. Middle East and Africa Typesetting Software Revenue Market Share by Country (2017-2028)
Figure 69. Turkey Typesetting Software Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 70. Saudi Arabia Typesetting Software Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 71. UAE Typesetting Software Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 72. Methodology
Figure 73. Research Process and Data Source