The License Management Software market report provides a detailed analysis of global market size, regional and country-level market size, segmentation market growth, market share, competitive Landscape, sales analysis, impact of domestic and global market players, value chain optimization, trade regulations, recent developments, opportunities analysis, strategic market growth analysis, product launches, area marketplace expanding, and technological innovations.
According to our latest study, due to COVID-19 pandemic, the global License Management Software market size is estimated to be worth US$ 586.6 million in 2021 and is forecast to a readjusted size of USD 1020.4 million by 2028 with a CAGR of 8.2% during review period. B2B Vendors accounting for % of the License Management Software global market in 2021, is projected to value USD million by 2028, growing at a % CAGR in next six years. While Hardware-based Enforcement segment is altered to a % CAGR between 2022 and 2028.
Global key companies of License Management Software include Flexera Software, Reprise Software, SafeNet, Snow Software, and Wibu Systems, etc. In terms of revenue, the global top four players hold a share over % in 2021.
Market segmentation
License Management Software market is split by Type and by Application. For the period 2017-2028, the growth among segments provide accurate calculations and forecasts for revenue by Type and by Application. This analysis can help you expand your business by targeting qualified niche markets.
Market segment by Type, covers
Hardware-based Enforcement
Software-based & Cloud-based Enforcement
Market segment by Application, can be divided into
B2B Vendors
B2C Vendors
Others
Market segment by players, this report covers
Flexera Software
Reprise Software
SafeNet
Snow Software
Wibu Systems
Inishtech
Moduslink
Pace Anti-Piracy
Nalpeiron
Market segment by regions, regional analysis covers
North America (United States, Canada, and Mexico)
Europe (Germany, France, UK, Russia, Italy, and Rest of Europe)
Asia-Pacific (China, Japan, South Korea, India, Southeast Asia, Australia, and Rest of Asia-Pacific)
South America (Brazil, Argentina, Rest of South America)
Middle East & Africa (Turkey, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Rest of Middle East & Africa)
The content of the study subjects, includes a total of 12 chapters:
Chapter 1, to describe License Management Software product scope, market overview, market opportunities, market driving force and market risks.
Chapter 2, to profile the top players of License Management Software, with revenue, gross margin and global market share of License Management Software from 2019 to 2022.
Chapter 3, the License Management Software competitive situation, revenue and global market share of top players are analyzed emphatically by landscape contrast.
Chapter 4 and 5, to segment the market size by Type and application, with revenue and growth rate by Type, application, from 2017 to 2028.
Chapter 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10, to break the market size data at the country level, with revenue and market share for key countries in the world, from 2017 to 2022.and License Management Software market forecast, by regions, type and application, with revenue, from 2023 to 2028.
Chapter 11 and 12, to describe License Management Software research findings and conclusion, appendix and data source.
The base year for the study has been considered 2019, historic year 2014 and 2018, the forecast period considered is from 2020 to 2027. The regions analyzed for the market include North America, Europe, South America, Asia Pacific, and Middle East and Africa. These regions are further analyzed at the country-level. The study also includes attractiveness analysis of type, application and regions which are benchmarked based on their market size, growth rate and attractiveness in terms of present and future opportunity for understanding the future growth of the market.
Market is segmented on the basis:
The report offers in-depth analysis of driving factors, opportunities, restraints, and challenges for gaining the key insight of the market. The report emphasizes on all the key trends that play a vital role in the enlargement of the market from 2019 to 2026.
The report provides company profile of the key players operating in the market and a comparative analysis based on their business overviews industry offering, segment market share, regional presence, business strategies, innovations, mergers & acquisitions, recent developments, joint venture, collaborations, partnerships, SWOT analysis, and key financial information.
1 Market Overview
1.1 Product Overview and Scope of License Management Software
1.2 Classification of License Management Software by Type
1.2.1 Overview: Global License Management Software Market Size by Type: 2017 Versus 2021 Versus 2028
1.2.2 Global License Management Software Revenue Market Share by Type in 2021
1.2.3 Hardware-based Enforcement
1.2.4 Software-based & Cloud-based Enforcement
1.3 Global License Management Software Market by Application
1.3.1 Overview: Global License Management Software Market Size by Application: 2017 Versus 2021 Versus 2028
1.3.2 B2B Vendors
1.3.3 B2C Vendors
1.3.4 Others
1.4 Global License Management Software Market Size & Forecast
1.5 Global License Management Software Market Size and Forecast by Region
1.5.1 Global License Management Software Market Size by Region: 2017 VS 2021 VS 2028
1.5.2 Global License Management Software Market Size by Region, (2017-2022)
1.5.3 North America License Management Software Market Size and Prospect (2017-2028)
1.5.4 Europe License Management Software Market Size and Prospect (2017-2028)
1.5.5 Asia-Pacific License Management Software Market Size and Prospect (2017-2028)
1.5.6 South America License Management Software Market Size and Prospect (2017-2028)
1.5.7 Middle East and Africa License Management Software Market Size and Prospect (2017-2028)
1.6 Market Drivers, Restraints and Trends
1.6.1 License Management Software Market Drivers
1.6.2 License Management Software Market Restraints
1.6.3 License Management Software Trends Analysis
2 Company Profiles
2.1 Flexera Software
2.1.1 Flexera Software Details
2.1.2 Flexera Software Major Business
2.1.3 Flexera Software License Management Software Product and Solutions
2.1.4 Flexera Software License Management Software Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
2.1.5 Flexera Software Recent Developments and Future Plans
2.2 Reprise Software
2.2.1 Reprise Software Details
2.2.2 Reprise Software Major Business
2.2.3 Reprise Software License Management Software Product and Solutions
2.2.4 Reprise Software License Management Software Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
2.2.5 Reprise Software Recent Developments and Future Plans
2.3 SafeNet
2.3.1 SafeNet Details
2.3.2 SafeNet Major Business
2.3.3 SafeNet License Management Software Product and Solutions
2.3.4 SafeNet License Management Software Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
2.3.5 SafeNet Recent Developments and Future Plans
2.4 Snow Software
2.4.1 Snow Software Details
2.4.2 Snow Software Major Business
2.4.3 Snow Software License Management Software Product and Solutions
2.4.4 Snow Software License Management Software Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
2.4.5 Snow Software Recent Developments and Future Plans
2.5 Wibu Systems
2.5.1 Wibu Systems Details
2.5.2 Wibu Systems Major Business
2.5.3 Wibu Systems License Management Software Product and Solutions
2.5.4 Wibu Systems License Management Software Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
2.5.5 Wibu Systems Recent Developments and Future Plans
2.6 Inishtech
2.6.1 Inishtech Details
2.6.2 Inishtech Major Business
2.6.3 Inishtech License Management Software Product and Solutions
2.6.4 Inishtech License Management Software Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
2.6.5 Inishtech Recent Developments and Future Plans
2.7 Moduslink
2.7.1 Moduslink Details
2.7.2 Moduslink Major Business
2.7.3 Moduslink License Management Software Product and Solutions
2.7.4 Moduslink License Management Software Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
2.7.5 Moduslink Recent Developments and Future Plans
2.8 Pace Anti-Piracy
2.8.1 Pace Anti-Piracy Details
2.8.2 Pace Anti-Piracy Major Business
2.8.3 Pace Anti-Piracy License Management Software Product and Solutions
2.8.4 Pace Anti-Piracy License Management Software Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
2.8.5 Pace Anti-Piracy Recent Developments and Future Plans
2.9 Nalpeiron
2.9.1 Nalpeiron Details
2.9.2 Nalpeiron Major Business
2.9.3 Nalpeiron License Management Software Product and Solutions
2.9.4 Nalpeiron License Management Software Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
2.9.5 Nalpeiron Recent Developments and Future Plans
3 Market Competition, by Players
3.1 Global License Management Software Revenue and Share by Players (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
3.2 Market Concentration Rate
3.2.1 Top 3 License Management Software Players Market Share in 2021
3.2.2 Top 10 License Management Software Players Market Share in 2021
3.2.3 Market Competition Trend
3.3 License Management Software Players Head Office, Products and Services Provided
3.4 License Management Software Mergers & Acquisitions
3.5 License Management Software New Entrants and Expansion Plans
4 Market Size Segment by Type
4.1 Global License Management Software Revenue and Market Share by Type (2017-2022)
4.2 Global License Management Software Market Forecast by Type (2023-2028)
5 Market Size Segment by Application
5.1 Global License Management Software Revenue Market Share by Application (2017-2022)
5.2 Global License Management Software Market Forecast by Application (2023-2028)
6 North America by Country, by Type, and by Application
6.1 North America License Management Software Revenue by Type (2017-2028)
6.2 North America License Management Software Revenue by Application (2017-2028)
6.3 North America License Management Software Market Size by Country
6.3.1 North America License Management Software Revenue by Country (2017-2028)
6.3.2 United States License Management Software Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
6.3.3 Canada License Management Software Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
6.3.4 Mexico License Management Software Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
7 Europe by Country, by Type, and by Application
7.1 Europe License Management Software Revenue by Type (2017-2028)
7.2 Europe License Management Software Revenue by Application (2017-2028)
7.3 Europe License Management Software Market Size by Country
7.3.1 Europe License Management Software Revenue by Country (2017-2028)
7.3.2 Germany License Management Software Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
7.3.3 France License Management Software Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
7.3.4 United Kingdom License Management Software Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
7.3.5 Russia License Management Software Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
7.3.6 Italy License Management Software Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
8 Asia-Pacific by Region, by Type, and by Application
8.1 Asia-Pacific License Management Software Revenue by Type (2017-2028)
8.2 Asia-Pacific License Management Software Revenue by Application (2017-2028)
8.3 Asia-Pacific License Management Software Market Size by Region
8.3.1 Asia-Pacific License Management Software Revenue by Region (2017-2028)
8.3.2 China License Management Software Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
8.3.3 Japan License Management Software Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
8.3.4 South Korea License Management Software Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
8.3.5 India License Management Software Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
8.3.6 Southeast Asia License Management Software Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
8.3.7 Australia License Management Software Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
9 South America by Country, by Type, and by Application
9.1 South America License Management Software Revenue by Type (2017-2028)
9.2 South America License Management Software Revenue by Application (2017-2028)
9.3 South America License Management Software Market Size by Country
9.3.1 South America License Management Software Revenue by Country (2017-2028)
9.3.2 Brazil License Management Software Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
9.3.3 Argentina License Management Software Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
10 Middle East & Africa by Country, by Type, and by Application
10.1 Middle East & Africa License Management Software Revenue by Type (2017-2028)
10.2 Middle East & Africa License Management Software Revenue by Application (2017-2028)
10.3 Middle East & Africa License Management Software Market Size by Country
10.3.1 Middle East & Africa License Management Software Revenue by Country (2017-2028)
10.3.2 Turkey License Management Software Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
10.3.3 Saudi Arabia License Management Software Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
10.3.4 UAE License Management Software Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
11 Research Findings and Conclusion
12 Appendix
12.1 Methodology
12.2 Research Process and Data Source
12.3 Disclaimer
List of Tables
Table 1. Global License Management Software Revenue by Type, (USD Million), 2017 VS 2021 VS 2028
Table 2. Global License Management Software Revenue by Application, (USD Million), 2017 VS 2021 VS 2028
Table 3. Global Market License Management Software Revenue (Million USD) Comparison by Region (2017 VS 2021 VS 2028)
Table 4. Global License Management Software Revenue (USD Million) by Region (2017-2022)
Table 5. Global License Management Software Revenue Market Share by Region (2023-2028)
Table 6. Flexera Software Corporate Information, Head Office, and Major Competitors
Table 7. Flexera Software Major Business
Table 8. Flexera Software License Management Software Product and Solutions
Table 9. Flexera Software License Management Software Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
Table 10. Reprise Software Corporate Information, Head Office, and Major Competitors
Table 11. Reprise Software Major Business
Table 12. Reprise Software License Management Software Product and Solutions
Table 13. Reprise Software License Management Software Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
Table 14. SafeNet Corporate Information, Head Office, and Major Competitors
Table 15. SafeNet Major Business
Table 16. SafeNet License Management Software Product and Solutions
Table 17. SafeNet License Management Software Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
Table 18. Snow Software Corporate Information, Head Office, and Major Competitors
Table 19. Snow Software Major Business
Table 20. Snow Software License Management Software Product and Solutions
Table 21. Snow Software License Management Software Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
Table 22. Wibu Systems Corporate Information, Head Office, and Major Competitors
Table 23. Wibu Systems Major Business
Table 24. Wibu Systems License Management Software Product and Solutions
Table 25. Wibu Systems License Management Software Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
Table 26. Inishtech Corporate Information, Head Office, and Major Competitors
Table 27. Inishtech Major Business
Table 28. Inishtech License Management Software Product and Solutions
Table 29. Inishtech License Management Software Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
Table 30. Moduslink Corporate Information, Head Office, and Major Competitors
Table 31. Moduslink Major Business
Table 32. Moduslink License Management Software Product and Solutions
Table 33. Moduslink License Management Software Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
Table 34. Pace Anti-Piracy Corporate Information, Head Office, and Major Competitors
Table 35. Pace Anti-Piracy Major Business
Table 36. Pace Anti-Piracy License Management Software Product and Solutions
Table 37. Pace Anti-Piracy License Management Software Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
Table 38. Nalpeiron Corporate Information, Head Office, and Major Competitors
Table 39. Nalpeiron Major Business
Table 40. Nalpeiron License Management Software Product and Solutions
Table 41. Nalpeiron License Management Software Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
Table 42. Global License Management Software Revenue (USD Million) by Players (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
Table 43. Global License Management Software Revenue Share by Players (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
Table 44. Breakdown of License Management Software by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3)
Table 45. License Management Software Players Head Office, Products and Services Provided
Table 46. License Management Software Mergers & Acquisitions in the Past Five Years
Table 47. License Management Software New Entrants and Expansion Plans
Table 48. Global License Management Software Revenue (USD Million) by Type (2017-2022)
Table 49. Global License Management Software Revenue Share by Type (2017-2022)
Table 50. Global License Management Software Revenue Forecast by Type (2023-2028)
Table 51. Global License Management Software Revenue by Application (2017-2022)
Table 52. Global License Management Software Revenue Forecast by Application (2023-2028)
Table 53. North America License Management Software Revenue by Type (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 54. North America License Management Software Revenue by Type (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 55. North America License Management Software Revenue by Application (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 56. North America License Management Software Revenue by Application (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 57. North America License Management Software Revenue by Country (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 58. North America License Management Software Revenue by Country (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 59. Europe License Management Software Revenue by Type (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 60. Europe License Management Software Revenue by Type (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 61. Europe License Management Software Revenue by Application (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 62. Europe License Management Software Revenue by Application (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 63. Europe License Management Software Revenue by Country (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 64. Europe License Management Software Revenue by Country (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 65. Asia-Pacific License Management Software Revenue by Type (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 66. Asia-Pacific License Management Software Revenue by Type (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 67. Asia-Pacific License Management Software Revenue by Application (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 68. Asia-Pacific License Management Software Revenue by Application (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 69. Asia-Pacific License Management Software Revenue by Region (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 70. Asia-Pacific License Management Software Revenue by Region (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 71. South America License Management Software Revenue by Type (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 72. South America License Management Software Revenue by Type (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 73. South America License Management Software Revenue by Application (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 74. South America License Management Software Revenue by Application (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 75. South America License Management Software Revenue by Country (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 76. South America License Management Software Revenue by Country (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 77. Middle East & Africa License Management Software Revenue by Type (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 78. Middle East & Africa License Management Software Revenue by Type (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 79. Middle East & Africa License Management Software Revenue by Application (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 80. Middle East & Africa License Management Software Revenue by Application (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 81. Middle East & Africa License Management Software Revenue by Country (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 82. Middle East & Africa License Management Software Revenue by Country (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
List of Figures
Figure 1. License Management Software Picture
Figure 2. Global License Management Software Revenue Market Share by Type in 2021
Figure 3. Hardware-based Enforcement
Figure 4. Software-based & Cloud-based Enforcement
Figure 5. License Management Software Revenue Market Share by Application in 2021
Figure 6. B2B Vendors Picture
Figure 7. B2C Vendors Picture
Figure 8. Others Picture
Figure 9. Global License Management Software Market Size, (USD Million): 2017 VS 2021 VS 2028
Figure 10. Global License Management Software Revenue and Forecast (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 11. Global License Management Software Revenue Market Share by Region (2017-2028)
Figure 12. Global License Management Software Revenue Market Share by Region in 2021
Figure 13. North America License Management Software Revenue (USD Million) and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
Figure 14. Europe License Management Software Revenue (USD Million) and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
Figure 15. Asia-Pacific License Management Software Revenue (USD Million) and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
Figure 16. South America License Management Software Revenue (USD Million) and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
Figure 17. Middle East and Africa License Management Software Revenue (USD Million) and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
Figure 18. License Management Software Market Drivers
Figure 19. License Management Software Market Restraints
Figure 20. License Management Software Market Trends
Figure 21. Flexera Software Recent Developments and Future Plans
Figure 22. Reprise Software Recent Developments and Future Plans
Figure 23. SafeNet Recent Developments and Future Plans
Figure 24. Snow Software Recent Developments and Future Plans
Figure 25. Wibu Systems Recent Developments and Future Plans
Figure 26. Inishtech Recent Developments and Future Plans
Figure 27. Moduslink Recent Developments and Future Plans
Figure 28. Pace Anti-Piracy Recent Developments and Future Plans
Figure 29. Nalpeiron Recent Developments and Future Plans
Figure 30. Global License Management Software Revenue Share by Players in 2021
Figure 31. License Management Software Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3) in 2021
Figure 32. Global Top 3 Players License Management Software Revenue Market Share in 2021
Figure 33. Global Top 10 Players License Management Software Revenue Market Share in 2021
Figure 34. Key Players Market Share Trend (Top 3 Market Share: 2020 VS 2021 VS 2022)
Figure 35. Global License Management Software Revenue Share by Type in 2021
Figure 36. Global License Management Software Market Share Forecast by Type (2023-2028)
Figure 37. Global License Management Software Revenue Share by Application in 2021
Figure 38. Global License Management Software Market Share Forecast by Application (2023-2028)
Figure 39. North America License Management Software Sales Market Share by Type (2017-2028)
Figure 40. North America License Management Software Sales Market Share by Application (2017-2028)
Figure 41. North America License Management Software Revenue Market Share by Country (2017-2028)
Figure 42. United States License Management Software Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 43. Canada License Management Software Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 44. Mexico License Management Software Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 45. Europe License Management Software Sales Market Share by Type (2017-2028)
Figure 46. Europe License Management Software Sales Market Share by Application (2017-2028)
Figure 47. Europe License Management Software Revenue Market Share by Country (2017-2028)
Figure 48. Germany License Management Software Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 49. France License Management Software Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 50. United Kingdom License Management Software Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 51. Russia License Management Software Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 52. Italy License Management Software Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 53. Asia-Pacific License Management Software Sales Market Share by Type (2017-2028)
Figure 54. Asia-Pacific License Management Software Sales Market Share by Application (2017-2028)
Figure 55. Asia-Pacific License Management Software Revenue Market Share by Region (2017-2028)
Figure 56. China License Management Software Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 57. Japan License Management Software Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 58. South Korea License Management Software Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 59. India License Management Software Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 60. Southeast Asia License Management Software Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 61. Australia License Management Software Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 62. South America License Management Software Sales Market Share by Type (2017-2028)
Figure 63. South America License Management Software Sales Market Share by Application (2017-2028)
Figure 64. South America License Management Software Revenue Market Share by Country (2017-2028)
Figure 65. Brazil License Management Software Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 66. Argentina License Management Software Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 67. Middle East and Africa License Management Software Sales Market Share by Type (2017-2028)
Figure 68. Middle East and Africa License Management Software Sales Market Share by Application (2017-2028)
Figure 69. Middle East and Africa License Management Software Revenue Market Share by Country (2017-2028)
Figure 70. Turkey License Management Software Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 71. Saudi Arabia License Management Software Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 72. UAE License Management Software Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 73. Methodology
Figure 74. Research Process and Data Source