The Smart Motorway market report provides a detailed analysis of global market size, regional and country-level market size, segmentation market growth, market share, competitive Landscape, sales analysis, impact of domestic and global market players, value chain optimization, trade regulations, recent developments, opportunities analysis, strategic market growth analysis, product launches, area marketplace expanding, and technological innovations.
According to our latest research, the global Smart Motorway size is estimated to be USD xx million in 2026 from USD xx million in 2020, with a change XX% between 2020 and 2021. The global Smart Motorway market size is expected to grow at a CAGR of xx% for the next five years.
Market segmentation
Smart Motorway market is split by Type and by Application. For the period 2016-2026, the growth among segments provide accurate calculations and forecasts for revenue by Type and by Application. This analysis can help you expand your business by targeting qualified niche markets.
Market segment by Type, covers
Controlled Motorways
Dynamic Hard Shoulder Running Schemes
All Lane Running Schemes
Market segment by Application, can be divided into
Urban Transport
Highway
Others
Market segment by players, this report covers
Alcatel-Lucent
Indra Infrastructures
Siemens
Kapsch
LG CSN
Cisco Systems
IBM
Schneider Electric
Xerox
Huawei Technologies
Market segment by regions, regional analysis covers
North America (United States, Canada, and Mexico)
Europe (Germany, France, UK, Russia, Italy, and Rest of Europe)
Asia-Pacific (China, Japan, South Korea, India, Southeast Asia, Australia, and Rest of Asia-Pacific)
South America (Brazil, Argentina, Rest of South America)
Middle East & Africa (Turkey, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Rest of Middle East & Africa)
The base year for the study has been considered 2019, historic year 2014 and 2018, the forecast period considered is from 2020 to 2027. The regions analyzed for the market include North America, Europe, South America, Asia Pacific, and Middle East and Africa. These regions are further analyzed at the country-level. The study also includes attractiveness analysis of type, application and regions which are benchmarked based on their market size, growth rate and attractiveness in terms of present and future opportunity for understanding the future growth of the market.
Market is segmented on the basis:
The report offers in-depth analysis of driving factors, opportunities, restraints, and challenges for gaining the key insight of the market. The report emphasizes on all the key trends that play a vital role in the enlargement of the market from 2019 to 2026.
The report provides company profile of the key players operating in the market and a comparative analysis based on their business overviews industry offering, segment market share, regional presence, business strategies, innovations, mergers & acquisitions, recent developments, joint venture, collaborations, partnerships, SWOT analysis, and key financial information.
1 Market Overview
1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Smart Motorway
1.2 Classification of Smart Motorway by Type
1.2.1 Overview: Global Smart Motorway Market Size by Type: 2020 Versus 2021 Versus 2026
1.2.2 Global Smart Motorway Revenue Market Share by Type in 2020
1.2.3 Controlled Motorways
1.2.4 Dynamic Hard Shoulder Running Schemes
1.2.5 All Lane Running Schemes
1.3 Global Smart Motorway Market by Application
1.3.1 Overview: Global Smart Motorway Market Size by Application: 2020 Versus 2021 Versus 2026
1.3.2 Urban Transport
1.3.3 Highway
1.3.4 Others
1.4 Global Smart Motorway Market Size & Forecast
1.5 Global Smart Motorway Market Size and Forecast by Region
1.5.1 Global Smart Motorway Market Size by Region: 2016 VS 2021 VS 2026
1.5.2 Global Smart Motorway Market Size by Region, (2016-2021)
1.5.3 North America Smart Motorway Market Size and Prospect (2016-2026)
1.5.4 Europe Smart Motorway Market Size and Prospect (2016-2026)
1.5.5 Asia-Pacific Smart Motorway Market Size and Prospect (2016-2026)
1.5.6 South America Smart Motorway Market Size and Prospect (2016-2026)
1.5.7 Middle East and Africa Smart Motorway Market Size and Prospect (2016-2026)
1.6 Market Drivers, Restraints and Trends
1.6.1 Smart Motorway Market Drivers
1.6.2 Smart Motorway Market Restraints
1.6.3 Smart Motorway Trends Analysis
2 Company Profiles
2.1 Alcatel-Lucent
2.1.1 Alcatel-Lucent Details
2.1.2 Alcatel-Lucent Major Business
2.1.3 Alcatel-Lucent Smart Motorway Product and Solutions
2.1.4 Alcatel-Lucent Smart Motorway Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021)
2.1.5 Alcatel-Lucent Recent Developments and Future Plans
2.2 Indra Infrastructures
2.2.1 Indra Infrastructures Details
2.2.2 Indra Infrastructures Major Business
2.2.3 Indra Infrastructures Smart Motorway Product and Solutions
2.2.4 Indra Infrastructures Smart Motorway Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021)
2.2.5 Indra Infrastructures Recent Developments and Future Plans
2.3 Siemens
2.3.1 Siemens Details
2.3.2 Siemens Major Business
2.3.3 Siemens Smart Motorway Product and Solutions
2.3.4 Siemens Smart Motorway Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021)
2.3.5 Siemens Recent Developments and Future Plans
2.4 Kapsch
2.4.1 Kapsch Details
2.4.2 Kapsch Major Business
2.4.3 Kapsch Smart Motorway Product and Solutions
2.4.4 Kapsch Smart Motorway Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021)
2.4.5 Kapsch Recent Developments and Future Plans
2.5 LG CSN
2.5.1 LG CSN Details
2.5.2 LG CSN Major Business
2.5.3 LG CSN Smart Motorway Product and Solutions
2.5.4 LG CSN Smart Motorway Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021)
2.5.5 LG CSN Recent Developments and Future Plans
2.6 Cisco Systems
2.6.1 Cisco Systems Details
2.6.2 Cisco Systems Major Business
2.6.3 Cisco Systems Smart Motorway Product and Solutions
2.6.4 Cisco Systems Smart Motorway Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021)
2.6.5 Cisco Systems Recent Developments and Future Plans
2.7 IBM
2.7.1 IBM Details
2.7.2 IBM Major Business
2.7.3 IBM Smart Motorway Product and Solutions
2.7.4 IBM Smart Motorway Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021)
2.7.5 IBM Recent Developments and Future Plans
2.8 Schneider Electric
2.8.1 Schneider Electric Details
2.8.2 Schneider Electric Major Business
2.8.3 Schneider Electric Smart Motorway Product and Solutions
2.8.4 Schneider Electric Smart Motorway Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021)
2.8.5 Schneider Electric Recent Developments and Future Plans
2.9 Xerox
2.9.1 Xerox Details
2.9.2 Xerox Major Business
2.9.3 Xerox Smart Motorway Product and Solutions
2.9.4 Xerox Smart Motorway Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021)
2.9.5 Xerox Recent Developments and Future Plans
2.10 Huawei Technologies
2.10.1 Huawei Technologies Details
2.10.2 Huawei Technologies Major Business
2.10.3 Huawei Technologies Smart Motorway Product and Solutions
2.10.4 Huawei Technologies Smart Motorway Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021)
2.10.5 Huawei Technologies Recent Developments and Future Plans
3 Market Competition, by Players
3.1 Global Smart Motorway Revenue and Share by Players (2019-2021)
3.2 Market Concentration Rate
3.2.1 Top 3 Smart Motorway Players Market Share
3.2.2 Top 10 Smart Motorway Players Market Share
3.2.3 Market Competition Trend
3.3 Smart Motorway Players Head Office, Products and Services Provided
3.4 Mergers & Acquisitions
3.5 New Entrants and Expansion Plans
4 Market Size Segment by Type
4.1 Global Smart Motorway Revenue and Market Share by Type (2016-2021)
4.2 Global Smart Motorway Market Forecast by Type (2021-2026)
5 Market Size Segment by Application
5.1 Global Smart Motorway Revenue Market Share by Application (2016-2021)
5.2 Smart Motorway Market Forecast by Application (2021-2026)
6 North America by Country, by Type, and by Application
6.1 North America Smart Motorway Revenue by Type (2016-2026)
6.2 North America Smart Motorway Revenue by Application (2016-2026)
6.3 North America Smart Motorway Market Size by Country
6.3.1 North America Smart Motorway Revenue by Country (2016-2026)
6.3.2 United States Smart Motorway Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)
6.3.3 Canada Smart Motorway Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)
6.3.4 Mexico Smart Motorway Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)
7 Europe by Country, by Type, and by Application
7.1 Europe Smart Motorway Revenue by Type (2016-2026)
7.2 Europe Smart Motorway Revenue by Application (2016-2026)
7.3 Europe Smart Motorway Market Size by Country
7.3.1 Europe Smart Motorway Revenue by Country (2016-2026)
7.3.2 Germany Smart Motorway Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)
7.3.3 France Smart Motorway Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)
7.3.4 United Kingdom Smart Motorway Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)
7.3.5 Russia Smart Motorway Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)
7.3.6 Italy Smart Motorway Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)
8 Asia-Pacific by Region, by Type, and by Application
8.1 Asia-Pacific Smart Motorway Revenue by Type (2016-2026)
8.2 Asia-Pacific Smart Motorway Revenue by Application (2016-2026)
8.3 Asia-Pacific Smart Motorway Market Size by Region
8.3.1 Asia-Pacific Smart Motorway Revenue by Region (2016-2026)
8.3.2 China Smart Motorway Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)
8.3.3 Japan Smart Motorway Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)
8.3.4 South Korea Smart Motorway Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)
8.3.5 India Smart Motorway Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)
8.3.6 Southeast Asia Smart Motorway Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)
8.3.7 Australia Smart Motorway Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)
9 South America by Country, by Type, and by Application
9.1 South America Smart Motorway Revenue by Type (2016-2026)
9.2 South America Smart Motorway Revenue by Application (2016-2026)
9.3 South America Smart Motorway Market Size by Country
9.3.1 South America Smart Motorway Revenue by Country (2016-2026)
9.3.2 Brazil Smart Motorway Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)
9.3.3 Argentina Smart Motorway Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)
10 Middle East & Africa by Country, by Type, and by Application
10.1 Middle East & Africa Smart Motorway Revenue by Type (2016-2026)
10.2 Middle East & Africa Smart Motorway Revenue by Application (2016-2026)
10.3 Middle East & Africa Smart Motorway Market Size by Country
10.3.1 Middle East & Africa Smart Motorway Revenue by Country (2016-2026)
10.3.2 Turkey Smart Motorway Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)
10.3.3 Saudi Arabia Smart Motorway Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)
10.3.4 UAE Smart Motorway Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)
11 Research Findings and Conclusion
12 Appendix
12.1 Methodology
12.2 Research Process and Data Source
12.3 Disclaimer
List of Tables
Table 1. Global Smart Motorway Revenue by Type, (USD Million), 2020 VS 2021 VS 2026
Table 2. Global Smart Motorway Revenue by Application, (USD Million), 2020 VS 2021 VS 2026
Table 3. Global Market Smart Motorway Revenue (Million USD) Comparison by Region (2016 VS 2021 VS 2026)
Table 4. Global Smart Motorway Revenue (USD Million) by Region (2016-2021)
Table 5. Global Smart Motorway Revenue Market Share by Region (2021-2026)
Table 6. Alcatel-Lucent Corporate Information, Head Office, and Major Competitors
Table 7. Alcatel-Lucent Major Business
Table 8. Alcatel-Lucent Smart Motorway Product and Solutions
Table 9. Alcatel-Lucent Smart Motorway Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021)
Table 10. Indra Infrastructures Corporate Information, Head Office, and Major Competitors
Table 11. Indra Infrastructures Major Business
Table 12. Indra Infrastructures Smart Motorway Product and Solutions
Table 13. Indra Infrastructures Smart Motorway Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021)
Table 14. Siemens Corporate Information, Head Office, and Major Competitors
Table 15. Siemens Major Business
Table 16. Siemens Smart Motorway Product and Solutions
Table 17. Siemens Smart Motorway Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021)
Table 18. Kapsch Corporate Information, Head Office, and Major Competitors
Table 19. Kapsch Major Business
Table 20. Kapsch Smart Motorway Product and Solutions
Table 21. Kapsch Smart Motorway Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021)
Table 22. LG CSN Corporate Information, Head Office, and Major Competitors
Table 23. LG CSN Major Business
Table 24. LG CSN Smart Motorway Product and Solutions
Table 25. LG CSN Smart Motorway Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021)
Table 26. Cisco Systems Corporate Information, Head Office, and Major Competitors
Table 27. Cisco Systems Major Business
Table 28. Cisco Systems Smart Motorway Product and Solutions
Table 29. Cisco Systems Smart Motorway Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021)
Table 30. IBM Corporate Information, Head Office, and Major Competitors
Table 31. IBM Major Business
Table 32. IBM Smart Motorway Product and Solutions
Table 33. IBM Smart Motorway Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021)
Table 34. Schneider Electric Corporate Information, Head Office, and Major Competitors
Table 35. Schneider Electric Major Business
Table 36. Schneider Electric Smart Motorway Product and Solutions
Table 37. Schneider Electric Smart Motorway Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021)
Table 38. Xerox Corporate Information, Head Office, and Major Competitors
Table 39. Xerox Major Business
Table 40. Xerox Smart Motorway Product and Solutions
Table 41. Xerox Smart Motorway Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021)
Table 42. Huawei Technologies Corporate Information, Head Office, and Major Competitors
Table 43. Huawei Technologies Major Business
Table 44. Huawei Technologies Smart Motorway Product and Solutions
Table 45. Huawei Technologies Smart Motorway Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021)
Table 46. Global Smart Motorway Revenue (USD Million) by Players (2019-2021)
Table 47. Global Smart Motorway Revenue Share by Players (2019-2021)
Table 48. Breakdown of Smart Motorway by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3)
Table 49. Smart Motorway Players Head Office, Products and Services Provided
Table 50. Smart Motorway Mergers & Acquisitions in the Past Five Years
Table 51. Smart Motorway New Entrants and Expansion Plans
Table 52. Global Smart Motorway Revenue (USD Million) by Type (2016-2021)
Table 53. Global Smart Motorway Revenue Share by Type (2016-2021)
Table 54. Global Smart Motorway Revenue Forecast by Type (2021-2026)
Table 55. Global Smart Motorway Revenue by Application (2016-2021)
Table 56. Global Smart Motorway Revenue Forecast by Application (2021-2026)
Table 57. North America Smart Motorway Revenue by Type (2016-2021) & (USD Million)
Table 58. North America Smart Motorway Revenue by Type (2021-2026) & (USD Million)
Table 59. North America Smart Motorway Revenue by Application (2016-2021) & (USD Million)
Table 60. North America Smart Motorway Revenue by Application (2021-2026) & (USD Million)
Table 61. North America Smart Motorway Revenue by Country (2016-2021) & (USD Million)
Table 62. North America Smart Motorway Revenue by Country (2021-2026) & (USD Million)
Table 63. Europe Smart Motorway Revenue by Type (2016-2021) & (USD Million)
Table 64. Europe Smart Motorway Revenue by Type (2021-2026) & (USD Million)
Table 65. Europe Smart Motorway Revenue by Application (2016-2021) & (USD Million)
Table 66. Europe Smart Motorway Revenue by Application (2021-2026) & (USD Million)
Table 67. Europe Smart Motorway Revenue by Country (2016-2021) & (USD Million)
Table 68. Europe Smart Motorway Revenue by Country (2021-2026) & (USD Million)
Table 69. Asia-Pacific Smart Motorway Revenue by Type (2016-2021) & (USD Million)
Table 70. Asia-Pacific Smart Motorway Revenue by Type (2021-2026) & (USD Million)
Table 71. Asia-Pacific Smart Motorway Revenue by Application (2016-2021) & (USD Million)
Table 72. Asia-Pacific Smart Motorway Revenue by Application (2021-2026) & (USD Million)
Table 73. Asia-Pacific Smart Motorway Revenue by Region (2016-2021) & (USD Million)
Table 74. Asia-Pacific Smart Motorway Revenue by Region (2021-2026) & (USD Million)
Table 75. South America Smart Motorway Revenue by Type (2016-2021) & (USD Million)
Table 76. South America Smart Motorway Revenue by Type (2021-2026) & (USD Million)
Table 77. South America Smart Motorway Revenue by Application (2016-2021) & (USD Million)
Table 78. South America Smart Motorway Revenue by Application (2021-2026) & (USD Million)
Table 79. South America Smart Motorway Revenue by Country (2016-2021) & (USD Million)
Table 80. South America Smart Motorway Revenue by Country (2021-2026) & (USD Million)
Table 81. Middle East & Africa Smart Motorway Revenue by Type (2016-2021) & (USD Million)
Table 82. Middle East & Africa Smart Motorway Revenue by Type (2021-2026) & (USD Million)
Table 83. Middle East & Africa Smart Motorway Revenue by Application (2016-2021) & (USD Million)
Table 84. Middle East & Africa Smart Motorway Revenue by Application (2021-2026) & (USD Million)
Table 85. Middle East & Africa Smart Motorway Revenue by Country (2016-2021) & (USD Million)
Table 86. Middle East & Africa Smart Motorway Revenue by Country (2021-2026) & (USD Million)
List of Figures
Figure 1. Smart Motorway Picture
Figure 2. Global Smart Motorway Revenue Market Share by Type in 2020
Figure 3. Controlled Motorways
Figure 4. Dynamic Hard Shoulder Running Schemes
Figure 5. All Lane Running Schemes
Figure 6. Smart Motorway Revenue Market Share by Application in 2020
Figure 7. Urban Transport Picture
Figure 8. Highway Picture
Figure 9. Others Picture
Figure 10. Global Smart Motorway Revenue, (USD Million): 2020 VS 2021 VS 2026
Figure 11. Global Smart Motorway Revenue and Forecast (2016-2026) & (USD Million)
Figure 12. Global Smart Motorway Revenue Market Share by Region (2016-2026)
Figure 13. Global Smart Motorway Revenue Market Share by Region in 2020
Figure 14. North America Smart Motorway Revenue (USD Million) and Growth Rate (2016-2026)
Figure 15. Europe Smart Motorway Revenue (USD Million) and Growth Rate (2016-2026)
Figure 16. Asia-Pacific Smart Motorway Revenue (USD Million) and Growth Rate (2016-2026)
Figure 17. South America Smart Motorway Revenue (USD Million) and Growth Rate (2016-2026)
Figure 18. Middle East and Africa Smart Motorway Revenue (USD Million) and Growth Rate (2016-2026)
Figure 19. Smart Motorway Market Drivers
Figure 20. Smart Motorway Market Restraints
Figure 21. Smart Motorway Market Trends
Figure 22. Alcatel-Lucent Recent Developments and Future Plans
Figure 23. Indra Infrastructures Recent Developments and Future Plans
Figure 24. Siemens Recent Developments and Future Plans
Figure 25. Kapsch Recent Developments and Future Plans
Figure 26. LG CSN Recent Developments and Future Plans
Figure 27. Cisco Systems Recent Developments and Future Plans
Figure 28. IBM Recent Developments and Future Plans
Figure 29. Schneider Electric Recent Developments and Future Plans
Figure 30. Xerox Recent Developments and Future Plans
Figure 31. Huawei Technologies Recent Developments and Future Plans
Figure 32. Global Smart Motorway Revenue Share by Players in 2020
Figure 33. Smart Motorway Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3)
Figure 34. Global Top 3 Players Smart Motorway Revenue Market Share in 2020
Figure 35. Global Top 10 Players Smart Motorway Revenue Market Share in 2020
Figure 36. Key Players Market Share Trend (Top 3 Market Share: 2019 VS 2020 VS 2021)
Figure 37. Global Smart Motorway Revenue Share by Type in 2020
Figure 38. Global Smart Motorway Market Share Forecast by Type (2021-2026)
Figure 39. Global Smart Motorway Revenue Share by Application in 2020
Figure 40. Global Smart Motorway Market Share Forecast by Application (2021-2026)
Figure 41. North America Smart Motorway Sales Market Share by Type (2016-2026)
Figure 42. North America Smart Motorway Sales Market Share by Application (2016-2026)
Figure 43. North America Smart Motorway Revenue Market Share by Country (2016-2026)
Figure 44. United States Smart Motorway Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)
Figure 45. Canada Smart Motorway Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)
Figure 46. Mexico Smart Motorway Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)
Figure 47. Europe Smart Motorway Sales Market Share by Type (2016-2026)
Figure 48. Europe Smart Motorway Sales Market Share by Application (2016-2026)
Figure 49. Europe Smart Motorway Revenue Market Share by Country (2016-2026)
Figure 50. Germany Smart Motorway Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)
Figure 51. France Smart Motorway Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)
Figure 52. United Kingdom Smart Motorway Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)
Figure 53. Russia Smart Motorway Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)
Figure 54. Italy Smart Motorway Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)
Figure 55. Asia-Pacific Smart Motorway Sales Market Share by Type (2016-2026)
Figure 56. Asia-Pacific Smart Motorway Sales Market Share by Application (2016-2026)
Figure 57. Asia-Pacific Smart Motorway Revenue Market Share by Region (2016-2026)
Figure 58. China Smart Motorway Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)
Figure 59. Japan Smart Motorway Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)
Figure 60. South Korea Smart Motorway Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)
Figure 61. India Smart Motorway Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)
Figure 62. Southeast Asia Smart Motorway Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)
Figure 63. Australia Smart Motorway Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)
Figure 64. South America Smart Motorway Sales Market Share by Type (2016-2026)
Figure 65. South America Smart Motorway Sales Market Share by Application (2016-2026)
Figure 66. South America Smart Motorway Revenue Market Share by Country (2016-2026)
Figure 67. Brazil Smart Motorway Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)
Figure 68. Argentina Smart Motorway Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)
Figure 69. Middle East and Africa Smart Motorway Sales Market Share by Type (2016-2026)
Figure 70. Middle East and Africa Smart Motorway Sales Market Share by Application (2016-2026)
Figure 71. Middle East and Africa Smart Motorway Revenue Market Share by Country (2016-2026)
Figure 72. Turkey Smart Motorway Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)
Figure 73. Saudi Arabia Smart Motorway Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)
Figure 74. UAE Smart Motorway Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)
Figure 75. Methodology
Figure 76. Research Process and Data Source