The Proglumide market report provides a detailed analysis of global market size, regional and country-level market size, segmentation market growth, market share, competitive Landscape, sales analysis, impact of domestic and global market players, value chain optimization, trade regulations, recent developments, opportunities analysis, strategic market growth analysis, product launches, area marketplace expanding, and technological innovations.
According to our latest research, the global Proglumide size is estimated to be xx million in 2020 from USD xx million in 2019, with a change of XX% between 2019 and 2020. The global Proglumide market size is expected to grow at a CAGR of xx% for the next five years.
Market segmentation
Proglumide market is split by Type and by Application. For the period 2016-2026, the growth among segments provide accurate calculations and forecasts for sales by Type and by Application in terms of volume and value. This analysis can help you expand your business by targeting qualified niche markets.
Market segment by Type, covers
Tablet
Sapsule
Market segment by Application can be divided into
Retail Pharmacies
Hospital Pharmacies
Online Pharmacies
The key market players for global Proglumide market are listed below:
Tianyuan Pharmachemical Institute
Hubei Prosoerity Galaxy Chemical
Hubei Yikangyuan Chemical
Hubei Yuancheng Saichuang Technology
Nanjing Pharmaceutical Factory Co., Ltd.
Market segment by Region, regional analysis covers
North America (United States, Canada and Mexico)
Europe (Germany, France, United Kingdom, Russia, Italy, and Rest of Europe)
Asia-Pacific (China, Japan, Korea, India, Southeast Asia, and Australia)
South America (Brazil, Argentina, Colombia, and Rest of South America)
Middle East & Africa (Saudi Arabia, UAE, Egypt, South Africa, and Rest of Middle East & Africa)
The base year for the study has been considered 2019, historic year 2014 and 2018, the forecast period considered is from 2020 to 2027. The regions analyzed for the market include North America, Europe, South America, Asia Pacific, and Middle East and Africa. These regions are further analyzed at the country-level. The study also includes attractiveness analysis of type, application and regions which are benchmarked based on their market size, growth rate and attractiveness in terms of present and future opportunity for understanding the future growth of the market.
Market is segmented on the basis:
The report offers in-depth analysis of driving factors, opportunities, restraints, and challenges for gaining the key insight of the market. The report emphasizes on all the key trends that play a vital role in the enlargement of the market from 2019 to 2026.
The report provides company profile of the key players operating in the market and a comparative analysis based on their business overviews industry offering, segment market share, regional presence, business strategies, innovations, mergers & acquisitions, recent developments, joint venture, collaborations, partnerships, SWOT analysis, and key financial information.
1 Market Overview
1.1 Proglumide Introduction
1.2 Market Analysis by Type
1.2.1 Overview: Global Proglumide Revenue by Type: 2019 Versus 2021 Versus 2026
1.2.2 Tablet
1.2.3 Sapsule
1.3 Market Analysis by Application
1.3.1 Overview: Global Proglumide Revenue by Application: 2019 Versus 2021 Versus 2026
1.3.2 Retail Pharmacies
1.3.3 Hospital Pharmacies
1.3.4 Online Pharmacies
1.4 Global Proglumide Market Size & Forecast
1.4.1 Global Proglumide Sales in Value (2016-2026))
1.4.2 Global Proglumide Sales in Volume (2016-2026)
1.4.3 Global Proglumide Price by Type (2016-2026) & (USD/MT)
1.5 Global Proglumide Production Capacity Analysis
1.5.1 Global Proglumide Total Production Capacity (2016-2026)
1.5.2 Global Proglumide Production Capacity by Geographic Region
1.6 Market Drivers, Restraints and Trends
1.6.1 Proglumide Market Drivers
1.6.2 Proglumide Market Restraints
1.6.3 Proglumide Trends Analysis
2 Manufacturers Profiles
2.1 Tianyuan Pharmachemical Institute
2.1.1 Tianyuan Pharmachemical Institute Details
2.1.2 Tianyuan Pharmachemical Institute Major Business
2.1.3 Tianyuan Pharmachemical Institute Proglumide Product and Services
2.1.4 Tianyuan Pharmachemical Institute Proglumide Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021e)
2.2 Hubei Prosoerity Galaxy Chemical
2.2.1 Hubei Prosoerity Galaxy Chemical Details
2.2.2 Hubei Prosoerity Galaxy Chemical Major Business
2.2.3 Hubei Prosoerity Galaxy Chemical Proglumide Product and Services
2.2.4 Hubei Prosoerity Galaxy Chemical Proglumide Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021e)
2.3 Hubei Yikangyuan Chemical
2.3.1 Hubei Yikangyuan Chemical Details
2.3.2 Hubei Yikangyuan Chemical Major Business
2.3.3 Hubei Yikangyuan Chemical Proglumide Product and Services
2.3.4 Hubei Yikangyuan Chemical Proglumide Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021e)
2.4 Hubei Yuancheng Saichuang Technology
2.4.1 Hubei Yuancheng Saichuang Technology Details
2.4.2 Hubei Yuancheng Saichuang Technology Major Business
2.4.3 Hubei Yuancheng Saichuang Technology Proglumide Product and Services
2.4.4 Hubei Yuancheng Saichuang Technology Proglumide Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021e)
2.5 Nanjing Pharmaceutical Factory Co., Ltd.
2.5.1 Nanjing Pharmaceutical Factory Co., Ltd. Details
2.5.2 Nanjing Pharmaceutical Factory Co., Ltd. Major Business
2.5.3 Nanjing Pharmaceutical Factory Co., Ltd. Proglumide Product and Services
2.5.4 Nanjing Pharmaceutical Factory Co., Ltd. Proglumide Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021e)
3 Proglumide Sales by Manufacturer
3.1 Global Proglumide Sales in Volume by Manufacturer (2019-2021e)
3.2 Global Proglumide Revenue by Manufacturer (2019-2021e)
3.3 Key Manufacturer Market Position in Proglumide
3.4 Market Concentration Rate
3.4.1 Top 3 Proglumide Manufacturer Market Share
3.4.2 Top 6 Proglumide Manufacturer Market Share
3.5 Global Proglumide Production Capacity by Company
3.6 Manufacturer by Geography: Head Office and Proglumide Production Site
3.7 New Entrant and Capacity Expansion Plans
3.8 Mergers & Acquisitions
4 Market Analysis by Region
4.1 Global Proglumide Market Size by Region
4.1.1 Global Proglumide Sales in Volume by Region (2016-2026)
4.1.2 Global Proglumide Revenue by Region (2016-2026)
4.2 North America Proglumide Revenue (2016-2026)
4.3 Europe Proglumide Revenue (2016-2026)
4.4 Asia-Pacific Proglumide Revenue (2016-2026)
4.5 South America Proglumide Revenue (2016-2026)
4.6 Middle East and Africa Proglumide Revenue (2016-2026)
5 Market Segment by Type
5.1 Global Proglumide Sales in Volume by Type (2016-2026)
5.2 Global Proglumide Revenue by Type (2016-2026)
5.3 Global Proglumide Price by Type (2016-2026)
6 Market Segment by Application
6.1 Global Proglumide Sales in Volume by Application (2016-2026)
6.2 Global Proglumide Revenue by Application (2016-2026)
6.3 Global Proglumide Price by Application (2016-2026)
7 North America by Country, by Type, and by Application
7.1 North America Proglumide Sales by Type (2016-2026)
7.2 North America Proglumide Sales by Application (2016-2026)
7.3 North America Proglumide Market Size by Country
7.3.1 North America Proglumide Sales in Volume by Country (2016-2026)
7.3.2 North America Proglumide Revenue by Country (2016-2026)
7.3.3 United States Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)
7.3.4 Canada Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)
7.3.5 Mexico Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)
8 Europe by Country, by Type, and by Application
8.1 Europe Proglumide Sales by Type (2016-2026)
8.2 Europe Proglumide Sales by Application (2016-2026)
8.3 Europe Proglumide Market Size by Country
8.3.1 Europe Proglumide Sales in Volume by Country (2016-2026)
8.3.2 Europe Proglumide Revenue by Country (2016-2026)
8.3.3 Germany Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)
8.3.4 France Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)
8.3.5 United Kingdom Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)
8.3.6 Russia Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)
8.3.7 Italy Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)
9 Asia-Pacific by Country, by Type, and by Application
9.1 Asia-Pacific Proglumide Sales by Type (2016-2026)
9.2 Asia-Pacific Proglumide Sales by Application (2016-2026)
9.3 Asia-Pacific Proglumide Market Size by Region
9.3.1 Asia-Pacific Proglumide Sales in Volume by Region (2016-2026)
9.3.2 Asia-Pacific Proglumide Revenue by Region (2016-2026)
9.3.3 China Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)
9.3.4 Japan Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)
9.3.5 Korea Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)
9.3.6 India Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)
9.3.7 Southeast Asia Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)
9.3.8 Australia Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)
10 South America by Country, by Type, and by Application
10.1 South America Proglumide Sales by Type (2016-2026)
10.2 South America Proglumide Sales by Application (2016-2026)
10.3 South America Proglumide Market Size by Country
10.3.1 South America Proglumide Sales in Volume by Country (2016-2026)
10.3.2 South America Proglumide Revenue by Country (2016-2026)
10.3.3 Brazil Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)
10.3.4 Argentina Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)
11 Middle East & Africa by Country, by Type, and by Application
11.1 Middle East & Africa Proglumide Sales by Type (2016-2026)
11.2 Middle East & Africa Proglumide Sales by Application (2016-2026)
11.3 Middle East & Africa Proglumide Market Size by Country
11.3.1 Middle East & Africa Proglumide Sales in Volume by Country (2016-2026)
11.3.2 Middle East & Africa Proglumide Revenue by Country (2016-2026)
11.3.3 Turkey Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)
11.3.4 Egypt Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)
11.3.5 Saudi Arabia Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)
11.3.6 South Africa Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)
12 Sales Channel, Distributors, Traders and Dealers
12.1 Sales Channel
12.1.1 Direct Marketing
12.1.2 Indirect Marketing
12.2 Proglumide Typical Distributors
12.3 Proglumide Typical Customers
13 Research Findings and Conclusion
14 Appendix
14.1 Methodology
14.2 Research Process and Data Source
14.3 Disclaimer
List of Tables
Table 1. Global Proglumide Revenue by Type, (USD Million), 2021-2026
Table 2. Global Proglumide Revenue by Application, (USD Million), 2021-2026
Table 3. Tianyuan Pharmachemical Institute Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
Table 4. Tianyuan Pharmachemical Institute Major Business
Table 5. Tianyuan Pharmachemical Institute Proglumide Product and Services
Table 6. Tianyuan Pharmachemical Institute Proglumide Sales (K MT), Price (USD/MT), Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021e)
Table 7. Hubei Prosoerity Galaxy Chemical Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
Table 8. Hubei Prosoerity Galaxy Chemical Major Business
Table 9. Hubei Prosoerity Galaxy Chemical Proglumide Product and Services
Table 10. Hubei Prosoerity Galaxy Chemical Proglumide Sales (K MT), Price (USD/MT), Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021e)
Table 11. Hubei Yikangyuan Chemical Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
Table 12. Hubei Yikangyuan Chemical Major Business
Table 13. Hubei Yikangyuan Chemical Proglumide Product and Services
Table 14. Hubei Yikangyuan Chemical Proglumide Sales (K MT), Price (USD/MT), Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021e)
Table 15. Hubei Yuancheng Saichuang Technology Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
Table 16. Hubei Yuancheng Saichuang Technology Major Business
Table 17. Hubei Yuancheng Saichuang Technology Proglumide Product and Services
Table 18. Hubei Yuancheng Saichuang Technology Proglumide Sales (K MT), Price (USD/MT), Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021e)
Table 19. Nanjing Pharmaceutical Factory Co., Ltd. Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
Table 20. Nanjing Pharmaceutical Factory Co., Ltd. Major Business
Table 21. Nanjing Pharmaceutical Factory Co., Ltd. Proglumide Product and Services
Table 22. Nanjing Pharmaceutical Factory Co., Ltd. Proglumide Sales (K MT), Price (USD/MT), Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021e)
Table 23. Global Proglumide Sales by Manufacturer (2019-2021e) & (K MT)
Table 24. Global Proglumide Revenue by Manufacturer (2019-2021e) & (USD Million)
Table 25. Market Position of Manufacturers in Proglumide, (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3), Based on Revenue in 2020
Table 26. Global Proglumide Production Capacity by Company, (K MT): 2020 VS 2021
Table 27. Head Office and Proglumide Production Site of Key Manufacturer
Table 28. Global Proglumide Sales by Region (2016-2021e) & (K MT)
Table 29. Global Proglumide Sales by Region (2021-2026) & (K MT)
Table 30. Global Proglumide Revenue by Region (2016-2021e) & (USD Million)
Table 31. Global Proglumide Revenue by Region (2021-2026) & (USD Million)
Table 32. Global Proglumide Sales by Type (2016-2021e) & (K MT)
Table 33. Global Proglumide Sales by Type (2021-2026) & (K MT)
Table 34. Global Proglumide Revenue by Type (2016-2021e) & (USD Million)
Table 35. Global Proglumide Revenue by Type (2021-2026) & (USD Million)
Table 36. Global Proglumide Price by Type (2016-2021e) & (USD/MT)
Table 37. Global Proglumide Price by Type (2021-2026) & (USD/MT)
Table 38. Global Proglumide Sales by Application (2016-2021e) & (K MT)
Table 39. Global Proglumide Sales by Application (2021-2026) & (K MT)
Table 40. Global Proglumide Revenue by Application (2016-2021e) & (USD Million)
Table 41. Global Proglumide Revenue by Application (2021-2026) & (USD Million)
Table 42. Global Proglumide Price by Application (2016-2021e) & (USD/MT)
Table 43. Global Proglumide Price by Application (2021-2026) & (USD/MT)
Table 44. North America Proglumide Sales by Country (2016-2021e) & (K MT)
Table 45. North America Proglumide Sales by Country (2021-2026) & (K MT)
Table 46. North America Proglumide Revenue by Country (2016-2021e) & (USD Million)
Table 47. North America Proglumide Revenue by Country (2021-2026) & (USD Million)
Table 48. North America Proglumide Sales by Type (2016-2021e) & (K MT)
Table 49. North America Proglumide Sales by Type (2021-2026) & (K MT)
Table 50. North America Proglumide Sales by Application (2016-2021e) & (K MT)
Table 51. North America Proglumide Sales by Application (2021-2026) & (K MT)
Table 52. Europe Proglumide Sales by Country (2016-2021e) & (K MT)
Table 53. Europe Proglumide Sales by Country (2021-2026) & (K MT)
Table 54. Europe Proglumide Revenue by Country (2016-2021e) & (USD Million)
Table 55. Europe Proglumide Revenue by Country (2021-2026) & (USD Million)
Table 56. Europe Proglumide Sales by Type (2016-2021e) & (K MT)
Table 57. Europe Proglumide Sales by Type (2021-2026) & (K MT)
Table 58. Europe Proglumide Sales by Application (2016-2021e) & (K MT)
Table 59. Europe Proglumide Sales by Application (2021-2026) & (K MT)
Table 60. Asia-Pacific Proglumide Sales by Region (2016-2021e) & (K MT)
Table 61. Asia-Pacific Proglumide Sales by Region (2021-2026) & (K MT)
Table 62. Asia-Pacific Proglumide Revenue by Region (2016-2021e) & (USD Million)
Table 63. Asia-Pacific Proglumide Revenue by Region (2021-2026) & (USD Million)
Table 64. Asia-Pacific Proglumide Sales by Type (2016-2021e) & (K MT)
Table 65. Asia-Pacific Proglumide Sales by Type (2021-2026) & (K MT)
Table 66. Asia-Pacific Proglumide Sales by Application (2016-2021e) & (K MT)
Table 67. Asia-Pacific Proglumide Sales by Application (2021-2026) & (K MT)
Table 68. South America Proglumide Sales by Country (2016-2021e) & (K MT)
Table 69. South America Proglumide Sales by Country (2021-2026) & (K MT)
Table 70. South America Proglumide Revenue by Country (2016-2021e) & (USD Million)
Table 71. South America Proglumide Revenue by Country (2021-2026) & (USD Million)
Table 72. South America Proglumide Sales by Type (2016-2021e) & (K MT)
Table 73. South America Proglumide Sales by Type (2021-2026) & (K MT)
Table 74. South America Proglumide Sales by Application (2016-2021e) & (K MT)
Table 75. South America Proglumide Sales by Application (2021-2026) & (K MT)
Table 76. Middle East & Africa Proglumide Sales by Country (2016-2021e) & (K MT)
Table 77. Middle East & Africa Proglumide Sales by Country (2021-2026) & (K MT)
Table 78. Middle East & Africa Proglumide Revenue by Country (2016-2021e) & (USD Million)
Table 79. Middle East & Africa Proglumide Revenue by Country (2021-2026) & (USD Million)
Table 80. Middle East & Africa Proglumide Sales by Type (2016-2021e) & (K MT)
Table 81. Middle East & Africa Proglumide Sales by Type (2021-2026) & (K MT)
Table 82. Middle East & Africa Proglumide Sales by Application (2016-2021e) & (K MT)
Table 83. Middle East & Africa Proglumide Sales by Application (2021-2026) & (K MT)
Table 84. Direct Channel Pros & Cons
Table 85. Indirect Channel Pros & Cons
Table 86. Proglumide Typical Distributors
Table 87. Proglumide Typical Customers
List of Figures
Figure 1. Proglumide Picture
Figure 2. Global Proglumide Sales Market Share by Type in 2020
Figure 3. Tablet
Figure 4. Sapsule
Figure 5. Global Proglumide Sales Market Share by Application in 2020
Figure 6. Retail Pharmacies
Figure 7. Hospital Pharmacies
Figure 8. Online Pharmacies
Figure 9. Global Proglumide Market Size, (USD Million) & (K MT): 2020 VS 2021 VS 2026
Figure 10. Global Proglumide Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026) & (USD Million)
Figure 11. United States Proglumide Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)
Figure 12. Canada Proglumide Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)
Figure 13. Mexico Proglumide Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)
Figure 14. Germany Proglumide Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)
Figure 15. France Proglumide Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)
Figure 16. United Kingdom Proglumide Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)
Figure 17. Russia Proglumide Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)
Figure 18. Italy Proglumide Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)
Figure 19. China Proglumide Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)
Figure 20. Japan Proglumide Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)
Figure 21. Korea Proglumide Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)
Figure 22. India Proglumide Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)
Figure 23. Southeast Asia Proglumide Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)
Figure 24. Australia Proglumide Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)
Figure 25. Brazil Proglumide Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)
Figure 26. Egypt Proglumide Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)
Figure 27. Saudi Arabia Proglumide Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)
Figure 28. South Africa Proglumide Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)
Figure 29. Turkey Proglumide Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)
Figure 30. Global Proglumide Sales (2016-2026) & (K MT)
Figure 31. Global Proglumide Production Capacity (2016-2026) & (K MT)
Figure 32. Global Proglumide Production Capacity by Geographic Region: 2020 VS 2021
Figure 33. Proglumide Market Drivers
Figure 34. Proglumide Market Restraints
Figure 35. Proglumide Market Trends
Figure 36. Global Proglumide Sales Market Share by Manufacturer in 2020
Figure 37. Global Proglumide Revenue Market Share by Manufacturer in 2020
Figure 38. Proglumide Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3)
Figure 39. Top 3 Proglumide Manufacturer (Revenue) Market Share in 2020
Figure 40. Top 6 Proglumide Manufacturer (Revenue) Market Share in 2020
Figure 41. Global Proglumide Sales Market Share by Region (2016-2026)
Figure 42. Global Proglumide Revenue Market Share by Region (2016-2026)
Figure 43. North America Proglumide Revenue (2016-2026) & (USD Million)
Figure 44. Europe Proglumide Revenue (2016-2026) & (USD Million)
Figure 45. Asia-Pacific Proglumide Revenue (2016-2026) & (USD Million)
Figure 46. South America Proglumide Revenue (2016-2026) & (USD Million)
Figure 47. Middle East & Africa Proglumide Revenue (2016-2026) & (USD Million)
Figure 48. Global Proglumide Sales Market Share by Type (2016-2026)
Figure 49. Global Proglumide Revenue Market Share by Type (2016-2026)
Figure 50. Global Proglumide Price by Type (2016-2026) & (USD/MT)
Figure 51. Global Proglumide Sales Market Share by Application (2016-2026)
Figure 52. Global Proglumide Revenue Market Share by Application (2016-2026)
Figure 53. Global Proglumide Price by Application (2016-2026) & (USD/MT)
Figure 54. North America Proglumide Sales Market Share by Country (2016-2026)
Figure 55. North America Proglumide Revenue Market Share by Country (2016-2026)
Figure 56. North America Proglumide Sales Market Share by Type (2016-2026)
Figure 57. North America Proglumide Sales Market Share by Application (2016-2026)
Figure 58. Europe Proglumide Sales Market Share by Country (2016-2026)
Figure 59. Europe Proglumide Revenue Market Share by Country (2016-2026)
Figure 60. Europe Proglumide Sales Market Share by Type (2016-2026)
Figure 61. Europe Proglumide Sales Market Share by Application (2016-2026)
Figure 62. Asia-Pacific Proglumide Sales Market Share by Region (2016-2026)
Figure 63. Asia-Pacific Proglumide Revenue Market Share by Region (2016-2026)
Figure 64. Asia-Pacific Proglumide Sales Market Share by Region (2016-2026)
Figure 65. Asia-Pacific Proglumide Sales Market Share by Application (2016-2026)
Figure 66. South America Proglumide Sales Market Share by Country (2016-2026)
Figure 67. South America Proglumide Revenue Market Share by Country (2016-2026)
Figure 68. South America Proglumide Sales Market Share by Type (2016-2026)
Figure 69. South America Proglumide Sales Market Share by Application (2016-2026)
Figure 70. Middle East & Africa Proglumide Sales Market Share by Country (2016-2026)
Figure 71. Middle East & Africa Proglumide Revenue Market Share by Country (2016-2026)
Figure 72. Middle East & Africa Proglumide Sales Market Share by Type (2016-2026)
Figure 73. Middle East & Africa Proglumide Sales Market Share by Application (2016-2026)
Figure 74. Sales Channel: Direct Channel vs Indirect Channel
Figure 75. Methodology
Figure 76. Research Process and Data Source