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Heat treatment involves the use of heating or chilling, normally to extreme temperatures, to achieve a desired result such as hardening or softening of a material. Heat treatment techniques include annealing, case harden...

Cobalt (Co) alloys have been in use since 1907 when Elwood Haynes obtained the first patents on cobalt–chromium compositions. Historically, many of the commercial cobalt-base alloys are derived from the cobaltââ‚...

Carbon fibers or carbon fibres (alternatively CF, graphite fiber or graphite fibre) are fibers about 5–10 micrometres in diameter and composed mostly of carbon atoms. Carbon fibers have several advantages includin...

Ceramic membranes are a type of artificial membranes made from inorganic materials (such as alumina, titania, zirconia oxides, silicon carbide or some glassy materials). They are used in membrane operations for liquid fi...

An elastomer is a polymer with viscoelasticity and very weak intermolecular forces, and generally low Young's modulus and high failure strain compared with other materials.The term, a portmanteau of elastic polymer, is o...